Ethics of Seal Clubbing in Canada

Ethics of Seal Clubbing in Canada Chet Merklin Jeff Smith Canadian Seal Clubbing Seals have it rough. They hunt for food, they eat, they nurture their young, they procreate, they sleep, and they survive. Their fate, however, isn’t really in their flippers at all. The true power rests with a species far more indecisive and far less furry than the seals over which it fights amongst itself. Fifty years ago, controversy between animal rights activist groups and Canadian sealers broke and has yet to cease over the hunting of seals in the Canadian northeast. It was thought to have been won though, for a while. Two decades after the protests began, the banishment of baby whitecoats (adolescent seal pups, swathed in white fur) was brought about by the European Economic Community in 1983, crippling the trade and putting on the mask of victory for the environmentalists who had fought for it so bitterly. That was it, the fight was over. This would be proven wrong twenty years later when the trade of older pup furs surpassed any other time thirty-five years previous. The Canadian seal hunt was back in full swing—and so were the environmentalists, battling for the rights of an animal seen as an object for exploitation by a species that doesn’t fully understand what the stakes of the argument it has with itself to this day are (Warne). Seal pups are brought up on the ice because it is critical for giving birth, nursing pups, and molting (Warne). This allows for other, less water-happy predators a window to attack these seals when they are most vulnerable. Because of this, when humans first landed in northeastern what-is-now Canada, they saw the seal as an unlimited resource for both fur and fat. Though the furs of seals didn’t come into style until the late 1940s, seals were hunted long before then. By 1972, the demand for seal fur was increasing inversely to the decreasing seal population, and the seals were dipping steadily in numbers. â€Å"In 1976, as debate over the hunt was heating up, seal scientist David Lavigne warned in this magazine that ‘the survival of the harp seal hangs in the balance’† (Warne). The ban was placed, the seal populations rose again, and the seal hunting ceased. When the seal hunt began to proliferate again nearing the turn of the century, so did the numbers o f supporters of the seal looking at how the hunt was actually conducted. â€Å"Todays modern seal hunt isnt really much of a hunt at all In fact, depending on the condition of the ice flows, the sealers can have varying degrees of difficulty in getting to the seals. Methods include: walking from their trucks, driving up to them with their snowmobiles, taking commercial icebreaking or smaller boats to close or distant ice flows, then getting out of the boats and walking to them, or shooting seals from the boats† (harpseals.org). Once seals are located, hunters typically approach the seals and kill them with a weapon called a ‘hakapik,’ a long stick-like tool with a hooked blade attached at the end. As described by opponents of the hunt on harpseals.org, the hunters then check to see if the animal has died before skinning it. â€Å"The DFO now instructs sealers to palpate the seals skull with an object (such as a rifle or hakapik) to assess whether it has been fatally crushed before proceeding to bleed and then skin the seal. So this means that, after clubbing the seal pup, the sealer with prod the seal on the head with a pole or hook or rifle barrel. This crude method of palpation is intended to enable the sealer to determine whether the seal is alive or conscious. And if the seal is still conscious, well, one can image how that would feel† (harpseals.org). In essence, though the seal is no longer under serious threat by the hunt, the brutality of the process is still viciously criticized by environmentalists on the side of the seals. On the proponent side of the argument stand fisherman and the sealers themselves. Fishermen are in direct competition with the seals when it comes to a wide variety of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. One main concern is the north-Atlantic cod harvest, greatly impacted since the return of seal populations. According to Canadian federal fisheries minister John Crosbie, â€Å"The predator-prey relationships between seals and capelin and between seals and cod are not fully understood, Crosbie said. However, the evidence that we have to date indicates that the unchecked growth of seal herds, particularly of harp seals, is harming the (northern) cod stock† (Gorham). This was stated in an article from 1992, and the issue still rests today. Ever since 1982, seal populations have gone unchecked and have ravaged populations many fishermen rely on for sustenance and a sole source of income. In addition to this, seal hunters respect restrictions and quotas as to the limits on how many se als they can bring home. The biggest concern when the ban on baby seals was implemented was that the seals might grow too rapidly in numbers. We believe that the Atlantic harp seal herd is now not only stable, but probably growing. The simple fact is that there is no possible chance that the animal is in any danger of extinction, and its ridiculous for anyone to suggest that it is in danger. My personal concern, at this time is that the herd might grow too much† (thesealfishery.com). Stated by Tom Hughes, Executive Vice-President of the Ontario Federation of Humane Societies in 1978, this quote applied to harp seals, numbering just under 2 million. Today, that number rests around 6 million. Personally, from the data I’ve been mulling over, the northeastern Canadian harp seal hunt is well regulated and scrutinized. In my opinion, the seal trade should continue, as it is an excellent governor of a system lacking in major predation already. I have no qualms with the continuation of the hunt, and believe that it should continue under current conditions, perhaps even increasing quotas with the increasing number of seals available. If anything, quotas should fluctuate evenly with population fluctuations of the harp seals themselves. From my perspective, the only discrepancy I can imagine with the hunt is the morality of the methods used to take the seals. According to three of the four sources I cited below, the tool used by hunters kills the seals almost immediately and is also handy for transporting seal carcasses and aiding in grip in case a hunter falls through the ice. So long as hunters correctly judge that the seal is truly dead before skinning it, I believe tha t the continuation of the seal hunt is justified and worth preservation. Works Cited An Introduction to the Canadian Seal Hunt. About the Seal Hunt. Harpseals.org, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. Canadian Harp Seal Hunt A Pro Perspective. The Seal Fishery.com. Thesealfishery.com, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. Gorham, Rob. Seal Controversy. Chronicle-Herald (Halifax, Canada). 18 Apr. 1992: C1+. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. Warne, Kennedy. Harp Seals: The Hunt for Balance. National Geographic. March 2004: 50-67. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.

Comparing Quality With Quantity Of Education For Development Economics Essay

Education plays a major function in the part of economic development of any state. Education is considered to be really of import as it generates demand for high rates of labour ingestion and labour productiveness. It besides helps in deriving big economic returns through higher productiveness and incomes of the people. Education besides enhances accomplishments and cognition of the work force ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; OECD, 1994 ; Bloom et al. , 2006 ) . The states with good developed instruction systems besides benefit by increasing the proportion of the working population and promote them to stay in the work force. A good instruction system in a state besides helps to keep competitory place in the planetary economic system and minimizes the impact of unemployment than states that have non invested in such preparation ( World Bank, 1990 ; Economic development indexs, 2007 ) . Education besides helps in accomplishing a higher criterion of life and enhances the accomplishments and cognition of people. It besides contributes and benefits the population from the scientific and technological progresss in the signifier of new merchandises and procedures which may in bend consequence in higher net incomes of people and lead to economic development ( Stevens and Weale, 2003 ) . However, it can non be denied that people need to better and update their accomplishments and cognition to vie in the progressively knowledge based economic system, as a consequence of which it becomes necessary for people to set about both qualitative and quantitative instruction and preparation ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ) . The quality and measure of instruction offered may change from state to state, but instruction is considered to be really of import as it is considered to be a major subscriber of economic growing. Even in Australia, instruction is one of the largest industries which contribute to about 6 per centum of GDP and the sum spent by the politicians and educational curates in Australia is based with the quality of end product. The authorities bursary on instruction during the 90 ‘s was about $ 17.6bn and the outgo made by persons and houses was about $ 4.7bn. Australia ‘s instruction system is besides considered to be of good quality criterion and besides attracts big pupils from different states. ( Becker and Lewis, 1993 ; Burke, 1992 cited in Marginson, 1993 ; Australian authorities, 2008 ) . However, there has been a batch of argument in the literature as to whether the quality of instruction is of import of the measure for a state ‘s economic development. ( Link and Ratledge, 1975 ; Marginson, 1993 ; Woodward et Al, 2000 ; Bloom et al. 2006 ) states that, it is of import for people to hold high quality of instruction as it encourages the population to achieve more instruction which will take to economic development of a state. This is because ; high quality of instruction helps people to develop more accomplishments and cognition and therefore, increases the productiveness of people which in bend has big impact on the net incomes and economic growing. The writers further provinces that, in order to acquire accurate estimations of returns from the quality of instruction, it is of import to mensurate quality which can be done by quantitative indexs i.e. graduation rates or achievement tonss of people. One of the states that illustrate the importance of quality of instruction is Singapore, where the per capita GDP grew at the rate of 6.7 per centum between 1970 ‘s and 1990 ‘s. The chief ground for the addition in the GDP was due to the alterations in the instruction policy. The authorities ‘s policy was focused on upgrading the quality of instruction and increasing the productiveness by bettering the accomplishments of people by using the school larning to existent universe jobs. This policy resulted in increased engagement of work force in the labour market with high cognition and accomplishments and therefore, the quality of instruction contributed into the economic system by bring forthing a cognition driven work force taking to the economic development of the state ( Kozma, 2005 ) . However, ( Cheng and Ghulam, 1997 ; Lee, 2005 ; Barro, 2001 ; Sianesi and Reenen, 2002 ; Dowrick, 2002 ) contradicts this and states that measure of instruction contributes to about 0.44 per centum growing in a state ‘s per capita GDP for every extra twelvemonth of schooling. Measure of instruction helps people attain more old ages of instruction and can gain higher rewards. Achieving more old ages of instruction is besides of import as higher degree of instruction is needed to run into the challenges of altering demands which are originating out of advanced cognition and engineerings. In developed states like Australia, more accents is being laid on the quality of instruction which leads to economic growing as at that place does non look to be much of a relationship between the degrees of instruction attained i.e. measure and economic growing. In such states more importance is given on the quality of instruction. This is because, people who do non possess plenty cognition and experience i.e. quality while go forthing or graduating from high schools and colleges find it hard to run into the demands of the labour market. These people may besides hold low productiveness and net incomes which may in bend have low impact on the economic development ( Pianalto, 2004 ; Bosworth and Collins, 2003 ; Arcaro, 1995 ; Marginson, 1993 and Barr, 2002 ) . However, ( Access Economics, 2005 ; World Bank, 1990 ) contradicts these positions and provinces that at that place seems to be a relationship between achieving higher degrees of instruction and economic growing. This is because, what a population learns may be different from what the employers may demand in the labor market. Achieving a low degree of instruction may besides gain really low returns to persons and to the economic system, while more old ages of instruction i.e. measure consequences in more skilled work force. Such skilled work force, in bend consequences in higher productiveness, higher engagement of people in the work force and higher employment in the state. The work force with more instruction brings a higher degree of accomplishment to the work topographic point. Hence, it increases the productiveness. It increases engagement of people as workers with higher accomplishments degrees are more likely to work. Hence, it increases engagement. Peoples who attain mote ins truction are more likely to be employable and bask lower unemployment rates. The writer further adds that people who do non achieve more degrees of instruction, they are likely to gain lower norm returns as compared to those people who have attained more degrees of instruction. For illustration in Australia, in 1999, people who did non complete twelvemonth 12 earned about 20 per centum less than those who completed. While people who attained university instruction earned about 40 per centum more than those who completed twelvemonth 12 and about earned 75 per centum more than the least educated. Education delivers high wage to Australians Beginning: OECD Net incomes of people by increased degree of instruction Average pay of those who finish school =100 ( Nam et al. , 1994 ; Temple, 2000 ; Muffels, 2008 ) further adds that, people with low old ages of instruction i.e. measure are more likely to acquire a impermanent occupation, peripheral occupation due to the deficiency in the accomplishments and cognition. This can ensue in lower productiveness and lower net incomes of persons. While people who attain high degrees of instruction are more likely to hold a positive consequence on labor market and acquire lasting occupations, nucleus occupations. This is because, though the procedure of instruction takes clip and involves chance cost, nevertheless, the result from the investing in the old ages of schooling can be considered to be certain in a sense that those persons who undertake who attain higher degrees of instruction will be skilled laborers in future which will increase productiveness and lead to economic growing. But ( the economic experts, 1992 ; Link and Ratledge, 1975 ) are of the position that, both quality and measure are of import for economic development as a big proportion of uneducated may ensue in unemployment and people who do non finish their schools do non hold important impact on their net incomes. The people who attain quality of instruction besides better the accomplishments of people and as there is a mismatch between the accomplishments offered by the people and the accomplishments needed by labor markets, there is a demand for people to achieve measure degrees of higher instruction. In order to increase the quality and measure of instruction it is besides of import to account that, who pays for instruction. ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; Harrison, 1997 ) states that the authorities should bear the cost of instruction because if the authorities wages of instruction so it will better the quality and measure of instruction as more figure of people will be encouraged by the authorities to set about instruction. The sum of subsidy given by the authorities besides may impact the fees that persons pay for acquiring educated and therefore, will increase the demand for instruction. But if the authorities does non pay for instruction, it may impact the quality of instruction and besides may increase inequality in instruction. This is because ; if persons have to pay for instruction so they may see instruction as outgo and non as investing and hence, see a secondary issue which may raise poorness and unemployment in the state, which may restrict the economic growing of the state.

Gay marriage should be legalized and accepted Essay

Gay marriage (also known as same-sex marriage) generally refer to the marriage between two people with same sex can be either both male or both female. Imagine this, you and your beloved person walking on the street, everyone look at you in a strange way and mumble about you. How will you feel? That is how homosexual people feel these days. Remember this, they are just human beings like us but have different sexual orientation and that is the one and only difference. They can feel pain, happiness, sadness and lost just like how we feel, both physically and psychologically. It is one of our liberties to pursue happiness, which homosexual people are not able to chase, because they cannot marry the person they love. Who give you the right to take away others’ happiness? The happiness which did not and will not harm you. Are you racist? Are you sexist? Reasonable people will know that discriminate against anyone for any reason is rude and uneducated. And denying same-sex marriage sends the message of it is acceptable to discriminate against them. Some people may say that the institution of marriage has traditionally been defined as between a man and a woman, and allowing gay marriage will weaken the institution of marriage. This is absolutely nonsense. To not to change the institution is like to tell the court to not to change the law even when the law does not fit the modern world anymore. Nowadays, everything is changing as time passing by, so why not the institution of marriage. The legalization of gay marriage will also make it easier for same-sex couple to adopt, and provide stable home for children who otherwise be left in orphanage which hardly makes kids feel like home. Even gay marriage will lead to children being raised in same-sex household that lots of people may refer as not an optimum environment because children need both mother and father. However, according to a research by University of Melbourne lead by Doctor Simon Crouch which surveyed 315 same-sex parents and 500 children. The research shows that children who were raised in same-sex parents scored an average of 6% higher then general population on both health and family cohesion. Clearly the evidence shows that the children who grown up in same-sex couple family won’t grow unhealthily, in fact sometimes it is even better for kids to gain more resilience, because all the kids need is no more than two loving parents. So how many lives should be ruined, how many happiness should be  taken away before we take actions?

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -troph or -trophy

The affixes (troph and -trophy) refer to nourishment, nutrient material, or the acquisition of nourishment. It is derived from the Greek trophos, which means one who nourishes or is nourished. Words Ending In: (-troph) Allotroph (allo - troph): Organisms that get their energy from food obtained from their respective environments are allotrophs. Autotroph (auto-troph): an organism that is self nourishing or capable of generating its own food. Autotrophs include plants, algae, and some bacteria. Autotrophs are producers in food chains. Auxotroph (auxo-troph): a strain of microorganism, such as bacteria, that has mutated and has nutritional requirements that differ from the parent strain. Biotroph (bio - troph): Biotrophs are parasites. They do not kill their hosts as they establish a long-term infection as they get their energy from living cells. Bradytroph (brady - troph): This term refers to an organism that experiences very slow growth without the presence of a particular substance. Chemotroph (chemo-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients through chemosynthesis (oxidation of inorganic matter as a source of energy to produce organic matter). Most chemotrophs are bacteria and archaea living in very harsh environments. They  are known as  extremophiles  and can thrive in extremely hot, acidic, cold, or salty habitats. Electrotroph (electro - troph): Electrotrophs are organisms that can obtain their energy from an electric source. Embryotroph (embryo-troph): all the nourishment  supplied to mammalian embryos, such as the nourishment that comes from the mother through the placenta. Hemotroph (hemo-troph): nutritive materials supplied to mammalian embryos through the blood supply of the mother. Heterotroph (hetero-troph): an organism, such as an animal,  that relies on organic substances for nourishment. These organisms are consumers in food chains. Histotroph (histo-troph): nutritive materials, supplied to mammalian embryos, derived from maternal tissue other than blood. Metatroph (meta-troph): an organism that requires complex nutritive sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth. Necrotroph (necro - troph): Unlike biotrophs, necrotrophs are parasites that kill their host and survive on the dead remains. Oligotroph (oligo - troph): Oligotrophs are organisms that can live in places with very few nutrients. Phagotroph (phago-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients by phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting organic matter). Phototroph (photo-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients by using light energy to convert inorganic matter into organic matter through photosynthesis. Prototroph (proto-troph): a microorganism that has the same nutritional requirements as the parent strain. Words Ending In: (-trophy) Atrophy (a-trophy): a wasting away of an organ or tissue due to lack of nourishment or nerve damage. Atrophy can also be caused by poor circulation, inactivity or lack of exercise, and excessive cell apoptosis. Axonotrophy (axono - trophy): This term refers to axon destruction due to a disease. Cellulotrophy (cellulo - trophy): Cellulotrophy refers to the digestion of cellulose, an organic polymer. Chemotrophy (chemo - trophy): This term refers to an organism making its energy by the oxidation of molecules. Dystrophy (dys-trophy):  a degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate nutrition. It also refers to a set of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy (muscular dystrophy). Eutrophy (eu-trophy):  refers to proper development due to healthy nutrition. Hypertrophy (hyper-trophy): excessive growth in an organ or tissue due to increase in cell size, not in cell numbers. Myotrophy (myo-trophy): nourishment of the muscles. Oligotrophy (oligo-trophy): a state of poor nutrition. Often refers to an aquatic environment that lacks nutrients but has excess levels of dissolved oxygen. Onychotrophy (onycho-trophy): nourishment of the nails. Osmotrophy (osmo-trophy): the acquiring of nutrients through the uptake of organic compounds by osmosis. Osteotrophy (osteo-trophy): nourishment of bone tissue. Oxalotrophy (oxalo - trophy): This term refers to the metabolism of oxalates or oxalic acid by organisms. Words Beginning With: (troph-) Trophallaxis (tropho-allaxis): exchange of food between organisms of the same or different species. Trophallaxis typically occurs in insects between adults and larvae. Trophobiosis (tropho-bi-osis): a symbiotic relationship in which one organism receives nourishment and the other protection. Trophobiosis is observed in relationships between some ant species and some aphids. The ants protect the aphid colony, while the aphids produce honeydew for the ants. Trophoblast (tropho-blast): outer cell layer of a blastocyst that attaches the fertilized egg to the uterus and later develops into the placenta. The trophoblast provides nutrients for the developing embryo. Trophocyte (tropho-cyte):  any cell that provides nutrition. Trophopathy (tropho-pathy):  Ã‚  a disease due to a disturbance of nutrition.

When I Have Fears, by John Keats and Holy Sonnet 1, by...

Mortality is a moving and compelling subject. This end is a confirmation of one’s humanity and the end of one’s substance. Perhaps that is why so many writers and poets muse about their own death in their writings. Keats and John Donne are two such examples of musing poets who share the human condition experience in When I Have Fears and Holy Sonnet 1. Keats begins each quatrain of the Shakespearean sonnet with a modifier, and each modifier indexes the subject of that quatrain. The modifier therefore gives his sonnet a three part structure. The first quatrain is what he fears; the second quatrain is what he beholds; the third quatrain is what he feels; and the ending couplet sums up all of the quatrains. However, the structure could†¦show more content†¦He also calls the addressed â€Å"fair creature of the hour,† and recognizes the constraint of time on love, for an hour is fleeting. He also recognizes the fickleness of it – who is to say someone else will be his addressed the next hour? He continues to suggest that the addressed has some sort of deceptive and illusory â€Å"faery power† that creates an â€Å"unreflecting love.† Deception and illusion typically are detrimental for those who experience it. Keats does not reflect on losing the chance for love as something terribly unhappy, f or he has a pre-existing negative perception of love. Love is also â€Å"unreflecting,† so love won’t be reciprocated. Keats then ends the segment about love half a line earlier in this quatrain than all other quatrains. Keats introduces the summation of the poem early, in the second part of the last line in quatrain four. This choice reflects how great his impending death weighs on his mind. In the final couplet, Keats’s dark views of love leave him to â€Å"stand alone† and not experience the love mentioned in the previous quatrain. Of course, â€Å"alone† might not necessarily mean devoid of love; he could mean that he’s alone because of his hopeless thoughts on the subject. Or he could mean he is alone because he does not have the emblems â€Å"Love† and â€Å"Fame.† â€Å"Wide world† dwarfs him, making it even sadder that in spite of all the vast opportunities he has had with different cultures,

Police Brutality And Its Effects On The United States

Police abuse stays a standout amongst the most serious human rights infringement in the United States. The police transmit a colossal weight every day. Police work is exact traumatic and includes numerous fierce and dangerous circumstances. In numerous threats the police are placed in a spot in which they might need to utilize intensity to resistor the circumstance. There are assorted levels of quality and the circumstance charges the level utilize more often than not. The police have extremely serious tenets about police use dynamism and the methods in which they utilize it. The vicinity of police ruthlessness is turning out to be a greater amount of an issue as society develops. The issue postured by the unlawful activity of police force is a progressing reality for people of a disfavored race, class, or sexual introduction. Police fierceness must be halted with the goal that police bear in mind who they are serving – not themselves, but rather people in general. This implie s even the offenders, who are a part of the general population, have certain rights, especially, social liberties. Police severity causes a noteworthy worry in today s general public in America and a determination is up and coming. Police ruthlessness was acquired to the front line 1991 by the Rodney Ruler scene. Generally, minorities have been casualties of police ruthlessness in the United States. Since the center of the nineteenth century an overwhelming white social class kept up racial treacheryShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States890 Words   |  4 Pagesrights infringement in the United States. Over the previous decade, police have carried on in ways that have made individuals doubt are the cops truly enforcing the law? Extreme beatings, unjustified shootings, lethal choking s, and harsh treatment have all added to the ever-present issue of police mercilessness in America. Police brutality has existed as long as policing has been around in this nation. It is noteworthy, however, that â€Å"in the years 2001–2007, the United States Justice Department reportedRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States898 Words   |  4 Pages Brutality, corrupti on, and misconduct in police, or people in high ranking organizations, can be backtracked all the way to early times. There was not a good way to keep record of these instances, but the earliest known case of police brutality happened on June 10, 1893 and was reported on by the New York Times. Officer McManus tried to subdue a suspect and when he the suspect did not comply, McManus used excessive force to subdue the man. This was seen and the New York Times was told and becauseRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States1454 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce police brutality in this country. There have been many suggestions by politicians on the ways that it could possibly be reduced. One of the things that is constantly brought is the possibility of police officers nationwide wearing mounted cameras on them throughout the duration of their shifts. This technology comes with both its positive and negative benefits, but it seems to be the topic most commonly talked about . I believe that this technology goes deeper than simply ensuring police officersRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. Police are portrayed as heroes that stop bank robbers, stop kidnappings and catch murders, but as of recent year’s police actions have come into the public eye. While typically citizens worry about their safety from criminals, it also seems they have to keep an eye out for the people who are supposed to protect them from danger. 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On New Years Eve of 2009, he was fatally shot. . Police brutality is the use of excessive force, physically or verbally, by a police officer. In one year, how many incidents of police brutality or misconduct do you think have occurredRead MorePolice Brutality Within The African American Community1265 Words   |  6 PagesAsad Bidiwala RHE 306 August 13, 2015 Police Brutality within the African-American Community The specific audience of my argumentation is the racially ignorant white populations that refuse to acknowledge the idea that police brutality towards the African-American race is evident amongst our society. The racially ignorant white population assumes that police brutality is used as a defense mechanism rather than an appeal to racism towards African-Americans. This hostile audience becomes uncomfortable

Therapies In Parkinsons Disease Neurology â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Describe about the Therapies In Parkinsons Disease for Neurology? Answer: 1: The primary impairments of body function associated with Keith who has been diagnosed with Hoehn and Yahr stage III Parkinsons disease include bradykinesia and postural instability. Bradykinesia is characterized by slow body movement with decreased trunk rotation and arm swing. Though Keith is being able to live an independent life, deformities in body movements are observed when he attempted to start a walk. While walking it has been observed that his step lengths are reduced and there is unsteadiness increased while walking with head rotations. Postural instability is noticed as he always tends to lean forward while standing to have a moderate fear of falling. In addition to the primary impairments, the secondary impairments include mild cognitive changes associated with slower thinking, complex instructions, and memory loss. Though the cognitive deformities are not severe as the activities with which Keith remains associated are not severely affected. 2: The two standardized test that can be implemented in the physical therapy evaluation of the Parkinson disease includes Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Forward Functional Reach test (FFR). The UPDRS test is primarily used for measuring the functional impairments associated with the disease and the FFR test is used for identifying the effect of the disease on the various activities of the body (Janlovic Poewe, 2012). The UPDRS method is developed for assessing the severity of the disease will help in monitoring the mood, behavior and the daily life activities of the patient. It also includes the motor examination which primarily helps in identifying the degree of physical impairment associated with the patient. The measurements are recorded with the help of a scale ranging from value 0 to 4, where 0 represents no impairment and 4 represents severe impairment. The Forward Reach (FFR) helps in measuring the functional activity in people with the disabilities. The measurements help in identifying the secondary impairments associated with the Parkinson disease (Janlovic Poewe, 2012). 3: The two primary goals associated for patients diagnosed with stage III Parkinson includes Minimizing the progression and the effects of the symptoms associated with the disease in order to prevent the development of secondary problems and complications To prevent the development of deformities for maintaining the patients functional abilities. Minimizing the deformities in patients with Parkinsons disease requires proper medications which include use of commonly prescribed drugs such as Azilect, Sinemet, Artane, Neupro etc. If the patient reacts adversely to the prescribed medication then surgery is advised. Depending upon the needs, the surgery procedure includes may include different techniques like the deep brain stimulation, gamma knife, pallidotomy, and thalamotomy (Fasano et al., 2012). In order to minimize the progression and the effects of the symptoms associated with the disease implementation of alternative therapy helps in treating the patient diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. In recent days, Vitamin E is used as a medication for reversing the progression of the disease. In order to provide relief to the patients suffering from the disease, guided imagery and relaxation is also suggested to help with stress, depression and anxiety. The relaxation therapy also includes a detailed study of the patient's history with effective support from the family members helps in implementing suitable care methods (Fasano et al., 2012). The essential components of a well-written goal found in Shumway-Cook and Walcott Figure 6.2 ( Shumway-Cook Woolacott, 2007) include Actor- the one who carries out the activity, usually the patient or the family member I referred to Behavior helps in providing the description of the activity Condition describes the circumstances under which the behavior is carried out Degree includes quantitative specification of performances such as quantification, rate of success etc Expected time which gives an idea about how long it will take to reach the goals. 4: Recommendation on the energy conservation technique includes proper planning and implementation of effective stratifies to reduce the energy expenditures. The patient needs to establish a proper routine and spend time on the more demanding times. He needs to spend time on self-care and rest. Adaptive equipment needs to be implemented to avoid bending or stretching. Recommendations also include the use of a wheelchair during transfer rather than using arms. The patient also needs proper avoid isometric contractions such as pulling and pushing that cause breath holding. The patient needs to perform some home exercise program which includes aerobic exercise that helps in improving the cardiovascular endurance. The patient is recommended to perform yoga that helps in focusing on building endurance (Koopman et al., 2015). 5: A large number of conditions and complications are associated with C5-6 spinal cord injury (Freund et al., 2015). This includes: Bladder Control- Change in bladder control is caused as the brain is not being able to control the bladder and thus the increase the risk of urinary tract infection increase which leads to kidney stones. Bowel control-Bowel controls often get disturbed due to injury in spinal cord leading to improper bowel movements. Circulatory control- C5-6 spinal cord injury causes a range of circulatory problems which includes a fall in blood pressure to swelling extremities Respiratory system- Injury leads to severe difficulty in breathing and a constant pain in the abdominal or the upper chest is observed. Sexual health- A variety of sexual function gets affected due to spinal cord injury which may lead to infertility. References Jankovic, J., Poewe, W. (2012). Therapies In Parkinson's Disease.Current opinion in neurology,25(4), 433-447. Fasano, A., Daniele, A., Albanese, A. (2012). Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease with deep brain stimulation.The Lancet Neurology,11(5), 429-442. Koopman, F. S., Beelen, A., Gilhus, N. E., de Visser, M., Nollet, F. (2015). Treatment for postpolio syndrome.The Cochrane Library. Freund, P., Mohammadi, S., Weiskopf, N., Curt, A. (2015). Spinal cord injury.Oxford Textbook of Neuroimaging, 315. Shumway-Cook, A., Woolacott, M. (2007). Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams Wilkins.