When I Have Fears, by John Keats and Holy Sonnet 1, by...

Mortality is a moving and compelling subject. This end is a confirmation of one’s humanity and the end of one’s substance. Perhaps that is why so many writers and poets muse about their own death in their writings. Keats and John Donne are two such examples of musing poets who share the human condition experience in When I Have Fears and Holy Sonnet 1. Keats begins each quatrain of the Shakespearean sonnet with a modifier, and each modifier indexes the subject of that quatrain. The modifier therefore gives his sonnet a three part structure. The first quatrain is what he fears; the second quatrain is what he beholds; the third quatrain is what he feels; and the ending couplet sums up all of the quatrains. However, the structure could†¦show more content†¦He also calls the addressed â€Å"fair creature of the hour,† and recognizes the constraint of time on love, for an hour is fleeting. He also recognizes the fickleness of it – who is to say someone else will be his addressed the next hour? He continues to suggest that the addressed has some sort of deceptive and illusory â€Å"faery power† that creates an â€Å"unreflecting love.† Deception and illusion typically are detrimental for those who experience it. Keats does not reflect on losing the chance for love as something terribly unhappy, f or he has a pre-existing negative perception of love. Love is also â€Å"unreflecting,† so love won’t be reciprocated. Keats then ends the segment about love half a line earlier in this quatrain than all other quatrains. Keats introduces the summation of the poem early, in the second part of the last line in quatrain four. This choice reflects how great his impending death weighs on his mind. In the final couplet, Keats’s dark views of love leave him to â€Å"stand alone† and not experience the love mentioned in the previous quatrain. Of course, â€Å"alone† might not necessarily mean devoid of love; he could mean that he’s alone because of his hopeless thoughts on the subject. Or he could mean he is alone because he does not have the emblems â€Å"Love† and â€Å"Fame.† â€Å"Wide world† dwarfs him, making it even sadder that in spite of all the vast opportunities he has had with different cultures,

Police Brutality And Its Effects On The United States

Police abuse stays a standout amongst the most serious human rights infringement in the United States. The police transmit a colossal weight every day. Police work is exact traumatic and includes numerous fierce and dangerous circumstances. In numerous threats the police are placed in a spot in which they might need to utilize intensity to resistor the circumstance. There are assorted levels of quality and the circumstance charges the level utilize more often than not. The police have extremely serious tenets about police use dynamism and the methods in which they utilize it. The vicinity of police ruthlessness is turning out to be a greater amount of an issue as society develops. The issue postured by the unlawful activity of police force is a progressing reality for people of a disfavored race, class, or sexual introduction. Police fierceness must be halted with the goal that police bear in mind who they are serving – not themselves, but rather people in general. This implie s even the offenders, who are a part of the general population, have certain rights, especially, social liberties. Police severity causes a noteworthy worry in today s general public in America and a determination is up and coming. Police ruthlessness was acquired to the front line 1991 by the Rodney Ruler scene. Generally, minorities have been casualties of police ruthlessness in the United States. Since the center of the nineteenth century an overwhelming white social class kept up racial treacheryShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States890 Words   |  4 Pagesrights infringement in the United States. Over the previous decade, police have carried on in ways that have made individuals doubt are the cops truly enforcing the law? Extreme beatings, unjustified shootings, lethal choking s, and harsh treatment have all added to the ever-present issue of police mercilessness in America. Police brutality has existed as long as policing has been around in this nation. It is noteworthy, however, that â€Å"in the years 2001–2007, the United States Justice Department reportedRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States898 Words   |  4 Pages Brutality, corrupti on, and misconduct in police, or people in high ranking organizations, can be backtracked all the way to early times. There was not a good way to keep record of these instances, but the earliest known case of police brutality happened on June 10, 1893 and was reported on by the New York Times. Officer McManus tried to subdue a suspect and when he the suspect did not comply, McManus used excessive force to subdue the man. This was seen and the New York Times was told and becauseRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States1454 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce police brutality in this country. There have been many suggestions by politicians on the ways that it could possibly be reduced. One of the things that is constantly brought is the possibility of police officers nationwide wearing mounted cameras on them throughout the duration of their shifts. This technology comes with both its positive and negative benefits, but it seems to be the topic most commonly talked about . I believe that this technology goes deeper than simply ensuring police officersRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. Police are portrayed as heroes that stop bank robbers, stop kidnappings and catch murders, but as of recent year’s police actions have come into the public eye. While typically citizens worry about their safety from criminals, it also seems they have to keep an eye out for the people who are supposed to protect them from danger. Thousands of complaints about police brutality is reported each year, and seemsRead MorePolice Brutality And Corruption Of Public Order1718 Words   |  7 PagesPolice is defined as â€Å"the civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order† . When these powers are abused and unnecessary force is used for corrupt purpose outside of their duty it is considered police brutality. While police brutality may seem only rampant in the United States, it effects Russians equally. The questio n is why are the police in these two countries so powerful that they can go against their dutyRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ellison862 Words   |  4 PagesIn response to police brutality, The Invisible Man was written by Ellison demonstrated that through his life racism was entirely present. Ellison, in fact, was faced with police brutality throughout the novel. Ellison wrote a scene in which his narrator dealt with police brutality after giving a speech at an eviction. The police threatened to shoot him and beat all of them. Ellison wrote that his character had known it was due to the racism during the time period. Even so, the rest of the novel involvedRead MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesprofiled and thus are being incarcerated or harassed more frequently than any other racial group in the United States. Although this statement is partially true, Alexander misses the fact that in recent years, other racial groups have been affected by the same unjust profiling done by authorities. Recently, overall police brutality and racial profiling has seen an increase in the United States population. Furthermore, unprovoked or inappropriate use of force by authorities has sparked conversationRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1630 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forgetRead MoreEnglish 1A Essay 3 1 3 1624 Words   |  7 PagesSomer 13 November 2014 The Horrors of Police Brutality Imagine being in the Bart train, going to a party with some of your friends, but while in route, you are shot by the Bart police for a crime you did not commit. This is the story of a young man named Oscar Grant. On New Years Eve of 2009, he was fatally shot. . Police brutality is the use of excessive force, physically or verbally, by a police officer. In one year, how many incidents of police brutality or misconduct do you think have occurredRead MorePolice Brutality Within The African American Community1265 Words   |  6 PagesAsad Bidiwala RHE 306 August 13, 2015 Police Brutality within the African-American Community The specific audience of my argumentation is the racially ignorant white populations that refuse to acknowledge the idea that police brutality towards the African-American race is evident amongst our society. The racially ignorant white population assumes that police brutality is used as a defense mechanism rather than an appeal to racism towards African-Americans. This hostile audience becomes uncomfortable

Therapies In Parkinsons Disease Neurology â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Describe about the Therapies In Parkinsons Disease for Neurology? Answer: 1: The primary impairments of body function associated with Keith who has been diagnosed with Hoehn and Yahr stage III Parkinsons disease include bradykinesia and postural instability. Bradykinesia is characterized by slow body movement with decreased trunk rotation and arm swing. Though Keith is being able to live an independent life, deformities in body movements are observed when he attempted to start a walk. While walking it has been observed that his step lengths are reduced and there is unsteadiness increased while walking with head rotations. Postural instability is noticed as he always tends to lean forward while standing to have a moderate fear of falling. In addition to the primary impairments, the secondary impairments include mild cognitive changes associated with slower thinking, complex instructions, and memory loss. Though the cognitive deformities are not severe as the activities with which Keith remains associated are not severely affected. 2: The two standardized test that can be implemented in the physical therapy evaluation of the Parkinson disease includes Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Forward Functional Reach test (FFR). The UPDRS test is primarily used for measuring the functional impairments associated with the disease and the FFR test is used for identifying the effect of the disease on the various activities of the body (Janlovic Poewe, 2012). The UPDRS method is developed for assessing the severity of the disease will help in monitoring the mood, behavior and the daily life activities of the patient. It also includes the motor examination which primarily helps in identifying the degree of physical impairment associated with the patient. The measurements are recorded with the help of a scale ranging from value 0 to 4, where 0 represents no impairment and 4 represents severe impairment. The Forward Reach (FFR) helps in measuring the functional activity in people with the disabilities. The measurements help in identifying the secondary impairments associated with the Parkinson disease (Janlovic Poewe, 2012). 3: The two primary goals associated for patients diagnosed with stage III Parkinson includes Minimizing the progression and the effects of the symptoms associated with the disease in order to prevent the development of secondary problems and complications To prevent the development of deformities for maintaining the patients functional abilities. Minimizing the deformities in patients with Parkinsons disease requires proper medications which include use of commonly prescribed drugs such as Azilect, Sinemet, Artane, Neupro etc. If the patient reacts adversely to the prescribed medication then surgery is advised. Depending upon the needs, the surgery procedure includes may include different techniques like the deep brain stimulation, gamma knife, pallidotomy, and thalamotomy (Fasano et al., 2012). In order to minimize the progression and the effects of the symptoms associated with the disease implementation of alternative therapy helps in treating the patient diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. In recent days, Vitamin E is used as a medication for reversing the progression of the disease. In order to provide relief to the patients suffering from the disease, guided imagery and relaxation is also suggested to help with stress, depression and anxiety. The relaxation therapy also includes a detailed study of the patient's history with effective support from the family members helps in implementing suitable care methods (Fasano et al., 2012). The essential components of a well-written goal found in Shumway-Cook and Walcott Figure 6.2 ( Shumway-Cook Woolacott, 2007) include Actor- the one who carries out the activity, usually the patient or the family member I referred to Behavior helps in providing the description of the activity Condition describes the circumstances under which the behavior is carried out Degree includes quantitative specification of performances such as quantification, rate of success etc Expected time which gives an idea about how long it will take to reach the goals. 4: Recommendation on the energy conservation technique includes proper planning and implementation of effective stratifies to reduce the energy expenditures. The patient needs to establish a proper routine and spend time on the more demanding times. He needs to spend time on self-care and rest. Adaptive equipment needs to be implemented to avoid bending or stretching. Recommendations also include the use of a wheelchair during transfer rather than using arms. The patient also needs proper avoid isometric contractions such as pulling and pushing that cause breath holding. The patient needs to perform some home exercise program which includes aerobic exercise that helps in improving the cardiovascular endurance. The patient is recommended to perform yoga that helps in focusing on building endurance (Koopman et al., 2015). 5: A large number of conditions and complications are associated with C5-6 spinal cord injury (Freund et al., 2015). This includes: Bladder Control- Change in bladder control is caused as the brain is not being able to control the bladder and thus the increase the risk of urinary tract infection increase which leads to kidney stones. Bowel control-Bowel controls often get disturbed due to injury in spinal cord leading to improper bowel movements. Circulatory control- C5-6 spinal cord injury causes a range of circulatory problems which includes a fall in blood pressure to swelling extremities Respiratory system- Injury leads to severe difficulty in breathing and a constant pain in the abdominal or the upper chest is observed. Sexual health- A variety of sexual function gets affected due to spinal cord injury which may lead to infertility. References Jankovic, J., Poewe, W. (2012). Therapies In Parkinson's Disease.Current opinion in neurology,25(4), 433-447. Fasano, A., Daniele, A., Albanese, A. (2012). Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease with deep brain stimulation.The Lancet Neurology,11(5), 429-442. Koopman, F. S., Beelen, A., Gilhus, N. E., de Visser, M., Nollet, F. (2015). Treatment for postpolio syndrome.The Cochrane Library. Freund, P., Mohammadi, S., Weiskopf, N., Curt, A. (2015). Spinal cord injury.Oxford Textbook of Neuroimaging, 315. Shumway-Cook, A., Woolacott, M. (2007). Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Tektronix, Inc. Global Erp Implementation Essay Sample free essay sample

Business Context/Key Business Drivers †¢ Tektronix. Inc. was founded in 1946 as a shaper of electronic proving equipment. In 1993 Tektronix had grown to be a $ 1. 3 billion maker of electronic tools and devices. It was based in the United States and had an international presence in about 60 states. †¢ After 50 old ages of success. the company was confronting increasing planetary competition of hi-tech manufacturer of electronic equipment. Tektronix should simplify and reconstitute its operations. A cardinal enabler was the execution of a endeavor resource planning ( ERP ) to standardise the information engineering ( IT ) substructure every bit good as fiscal system. Inaugural Objectives/Benefits Despite the fact the company was a market portion leader in some merchandises ; it was hampered by a fifty-year old bequest that limited its flexibleness and growing chance by planetary integrating. There were many application systems around the universe and the company lacked accurate information and integrating between the systems. It was hard see the fiscal studies every bit good as where the cost could be cut. We will write a custom essay sample on Tektronix, Inc.: Global Erp Implementation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company was split into 3 divisions: Color Printing and Imaging Division ( CPID ) . Measurement Business Division ( MBD ) and Video and Networking Division ( VND ) . The execution of ERP could back up and incorporate all division company. enabling it to be a planetary competition. increasing efficiencies. Inaugural challenges †¢ Tektronix chose Oracle system to be implemented. The company had to develop new concern process/model that was able to suit into the ERP. The company created a maneuvering committe to turn to those issues. The system was implemented by division and after in 23 states and it took less than 500 yearss to be completed. Below some challenges and inaugural found during the execution: Depto. / Division Financials Initiative / Challenges †¢ Standardization of charts-of-accounts and riddance of most of the complex transportation pricing patterns that were in topographic point. †¢ Many linguistic communications into the company. †¢ It was the highest speed. the most commodity-type concern. and the greatest needed to cover with growing. †¢ Instability of â€Å"beta† version. Approach †¢ Contracted little and big consulting houses every bit good as independent adviser ( Arias ) . †¢ Decreed that English would be the individual li nguistic communication used for concern indoors Tektronix. †¢ Tektronix decided to travel with a â€Å"beta† version of the bundle. †¢ Contracted a big consulting house for aid. †¢ It was able to larn powerful lessons. construct internal accomplishments. and set up patterns that helped with all of the future execution stages. OMAR – CPID OMAR – MBD †¢ More complex environment construction division ) . †¢ They met a batch of opposition. OMAR – VND OMAR – Global Rollout †¢ The smallest division. †¢ It had the most complex merchandises. †¢ The division was in procedure of shriving a recent acquisition and incorporating a subordinate in California. †¢ Managers placed less accent on ERP execution. †¢ After execution in the US. the company planned to widen its â€Å"wave† attack to international sites. †¢ Complete the execution of ERP system in less than 2 old ages. †¢ Tackled the linguistic communication hard to non English-speaking states. †¢ Contracted Oracle advisers. †¢ Review the concern model many times to understand why they were making that. †¢ They pursued a vigorous proving plan. †¢ It benefited from all the anterior execution. †¢ They did a speedy execution. †¢ Few people. less opposition and easier to develop. †¢ The executive degree was less involved. †¢ Started with Europe. †¢ The company utilized the â€Å"big-bang† attack. †¢ The execution was done or completed on clip in 23 states. †¢ Worldwide. the company had full information visibleness. by division. of all the stock list and minutess. Consequences Although it cost about $ 55 million in package. internal and contract labour. the squad members were proud and satisfied with the accomplishments. The company had now capacity to turn its concern well. concern procedure benefited from increased efficiency and standardisation. there was better visibleness into client and merchandises than of all time before. The company was more flexible to get new concern and divest others. Because of betterment of informations integrating the fiscal analysis were more dependable. The operation of the concern could be better manageable. Tektronix CFO and CIO were masters of all the success achieved by the company. Their leading was important because they have the right vision for execution of the new system. They were able to link the demands with all squad and follow up the execution of the system. Relevance and analysis †¢ Harmonizing to Thomas H. Davenport ( Puting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System ) . there are many benefits every bit good as some booby traps. The Tektronix executives fundamentally followed all the regulations. ERP is a complex system that should be reconciled with the concern demands. The concern procedure must be modified to suit the system. There are tremendous costs of execution. The organisational behaviour should be structured to accommodate the new system. †¢ Tektronix executives did a really good occupation. One country they could hold done otherwise would be to pass a little more clip comparing characteristic and cost of other ERPs alternatively of taking Oracle as â€Å"the best option. † †¢ Implement a new IT system is non a undertaking easy. It is important understand how it works. its characteristics and how it can suit. empower and alter the concern company. Establish an execution program and give support of squad leaders is another cardinal issue to the concern success. The consequences will be reached. Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tek. com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tektronix hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning Davenport. Thomas H. ( 1998 ) – Puting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System.

Free Essays on Sonnets

he has written about them. â€Å"So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and gives life to thee.† In Sonnet 97, Shakespeare also uses one of the four seasons as a metaphor. Instead of being a poem of admiration, Sonnet 97 is a poem about the separation from this person he loves. In this poem, Shakespeare uses winter to describe the pain of being away from his lover. â€Å"How like a winter hath my absence been/From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! / What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen!†. Even though it is presently autumn, and autumn is considered the most beaut... Free Essays on Sonnets Free Essays on Sonnets The majority of the 152 Sonnets Shakespeare wrote focus on love. Shakespeare wrote poems of admiration as well as poems of suffering because of love and separation. Shakespeare often used metaphors in his descriptions. Sonnet 18 is a poem of admiration and glorification of Shakespeare’s lover. Sonnet 97 is a poem about being separated from his lover and Sonnet 130 is a poem for the â€Å"Dark Lady† which is descriptive but is not nearly as flattering or focused on outer beauty as Sonnet 18. Sonnet 18 is a poem that glorifies the subject and his or her beauty. Shakespeare uses metaphors to describe his lover. He uses the season of summer as a basis of comparison to the person he is writing about. â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate†. Shakespeare states that this person is even more beautiful than a summer day. They are also gentler than a harsh sun, which shines brightly and causes the sun to beat too hotly and raise the temperature too high. He refers to the sun with another metaphor, â€Å"the eye of heaven†. Shakespeare also says that summer goes by too quickly. He is metaphorically saying that the presence of this person will end shortly because they will die too soon and â€Å"autumn† will begin. Even though they will be gone, their beauty will live on through the words he has written about them. â€Å"So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and gives life to thee.† In Sonnet 97, Shakespeare also uses one of the four seasons as a metaphor. Instead of being a poem of admiration, Sonnet 97 is a poem about the separation from this person he loves. In this poem, Shakespeare uses winter to describe the pain of being away from his lover. â€Å"How like a winter hath my absence been/From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! / What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen!†. Even though it is presently autumn, and autumn is considered the most beaut...

How to Find Enumeration District Maps

How to Find Enumeration District Maps An enumeration district (ED) is a geographic area assigned to an individual census taker, or enumerator, usually representing a specific portion of a city or county. The coverage area of a single enumeration district, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, is the area for which an enumerator could complete a count of the population within the allotted time for that particular census year. The size of an ED can range from a single city block (occasionally even a portion of a block if it is located within a large city packed with high-rise apartment buildings) to an entire county in sparsely populated rural areas. Each enumeration district designated for a particular census was assigned a number. For more recently released censuses, such as 1930 and 1940, each county within a state was assigned a number and then a smaller ED area within the county was assigned a second number, with the two numbers joined with a hyphen. In 1940, John Robert Marsh and his wife, Margaret Mitchell, famous author of Gone With the Wind, were living in a condo at 1 South Prado (1268 Piedmont Ave) in Atlanta, Georgia. Their 1940 Enumeration District (ED) is 160–196, with 160 representing the City of Atlanta, and 196 designating the individual ED within the city designated by the cross streets of S. Prado and Piedmont Ave. What Is an Enumerator? An enumerator, commonly called a census taker, is an individual temporarily employed by the U.S. Census Bureau to collect census information by going house to house in their assigned enumeration district. Enumerators are paid for their work and provided with detailed instructions on how and when to gather the information about each individual living within their assigned enumeration district(s) for a particular census. For the 1940 Census enumeration, each enumerator had either 2 weeks or 30 days to obtain information from each individual within their enumeration district. Using Enumeration Districts for Genealogy Now that US census records are indexed and available online, Enumeration Districts arent as important to genealogists as they once were. They can still be helpful, however, in certain situations. When you cant locate an individual in the index, then browse page-by-page through the records of the ED where you expect your relatives to be living. Enumeration District maps are also helpful for determining the order that an enumerator may have worked his way through his particular district, helping you to visualize the neighborhood and identify neighbors. How to Locate an Enumeration District To identify an individuals enumeration district, we need to know where they were living at the time the census was taken, including the state, city and street name. The street number is also very helpful in larger cities. With this information, the following tools can help to locate the Enumeration District for each census: Stephen P. Morse’s One-Step Tools website includes ED Finder tools for the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 U.S. federal censuses.Morse’s One-Step site also offers an ED conversion tool for converting between 1920 and 1930, and 1930 and 1940 Censuses.The National Archives has online ED maps and geographic descriptions for the 1940 census. Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts 1830–1890 and 1910–1950 can be found on the 156 rolls of NARA microfilm publication T1224. Enumeration District maps for 1900–1940 are available on the 73 rolls of NARA microfilm publication A3378. The Family History Library also has Enumeration District maps and descriptions on FHL microfilm.

History of the Army Corp of Engineers at West Point Essay

History of the Army Corp of Engineers at West Point - Essay Example The main responsibility delegated to these engineers was to operate the U.S Military Academy at West Point (Office of history, U.S, 2007). Thomas Jefferson established this Corps of Engineers by stating "that the said corps, when so organized, shall be stationed at West Point, and shall constitute a military academy" (U.S Army Corps of Engineers, web). It was up to 1866 that the West Point Academy Superintendent was also performing the functions of the Chief of Engineers. It was during those times that all the members of the Corps had been West Point graduates. All the construction done at the U.S Military Academy was undertaken by the Corps till 1861. This construction was resumed after a gap in 1941. Jonathon William was the Chief of Engineers and the first controller of West Point in 1807. He was held responsible for strengthening the ramparts at the doorway of New York Harbor when the risk of British attach was high subsequent to England’s trade embargo. During the 1812 wa r not a single defense built by an engineering graduate of West Point was overrun by the British. In the initial phase of the Civil War, the Corps constructed five structures, namely, the ‘Fort Hamilton, Schuyler, Totten, Tompkins and Wadsworth’ in the New York region (U.S Army Corps of Engineers, web).

Cross Cultural (Intercultural) Management Skills Essay

Cross Cultural (Intercultural) Management Skills - Essay Example Knowledge management is the systematic application of knowledge to improve companies’ performance through facilitating inter-organizational informational sharing and experience. Breiden, Mohr and Mirza (2005 p.15) say that cultural knowledge management competency can therefore help solve management problem. Some of the tasks which are included here are interactive translation, developing participative competence, cross cultural networking, creation of collaborative atmosphere and finally developing of a participative competence. For instance, when French speaking expatriate working for the United Nations is send to South America there he/she will find totally different cultures in terms of language and the kind of food people eat. It calls for ability and readiness to learn and appreciate that other cultures are also important.Building positive relationships with others is a very important skill. It is advisable to develop relationships with locals and colleagues through relat ional skills development as opposed to being solely task oriented. One should be an all rounded person who is not self centered with possession of social orientation and social adroitness with superb skills in solving disputes, cooperating with friends and affiliates, unlike majoring in work competition and performance excluding the social life. For example, when one is from a Western nation and goes to work in India, it is advisable to participate in some of their services so that they can feel that you are part of them.

Facing Harsh Realities Essay Example for Free

Facing Harsh Realities Essay The recognition and acceptance of truth and reality is a recurring theme in Literature because it is such an enigmatic issue in human life. A highly discussed subject of human experience, our perception and acceptance of reality defines and determines how we see our life, and how we choose to live our life. This very subject is revealed and discussed in the novel written by Ralph Ellison entitled, â€Å"Invisible Man. †Ellison introduces the protagonist as an unnamed character who insists calling himself an â€Å"invisible man,† (page ) struggling to discover truths and realities about his life as an African-American. In the beginning of the story, he is portrayed as a naive young man who believes that being meek and submissive are the key characteristics needed by an African-American to better his life. His first struggle with this dilemma is illustrated in the cruel scene when the protagonist is forced to take part in a game called â€Å"battle royal† wherein he is pitted against other young African-Americans in a boxing match. The game is imposed upon the boys, who are degraded into being fighting beasts eager to please their master, the dominant white man. Despite the circumstances, the protagonist moves on to please the white men. At the end of the cruel event, the reward of a scholarship makes the protagonist feel content and happy on the surface; and yet, his mind struggles with the moral and racial injustice done to him by the white men, as revealed in his dream of his grandfather’s mockery and warning. This is the first instance that the protagonist is struggling with the reality that the seeming kindness of white men is actually a masked transgression against the African-American race, and against his very own person. His encounter with this harsh piece of reality is just the beginning of his awakening, because as the novel unfolds from this â€Å"battle royal† scene, the struggle for recognizing and accepting the truth may be surely won, but from this very point, it is a long way off.

Iconoclasm and Iconophilia in Othello :: Othello Essays

Iconnoclasm and Iconophilia in Othello In his book War Against the Idols, Carlos Eire argues that iconoclastic resistance to the Medieval Catholic Church began with the gentle scolding of Erasmus and ended as the "shibboleth" of radical Calvinism.1 The use of images in religious instruction and practice was one of the major points of dispute between Protestant reformers and Catholic counter-reformers. Iconoclasm was certainly not confined to radical Calvinism; Anglican reformers, especially those who had spent time in continental Europe as exiles (like John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury), quickly raised the issue in their country, which had its own unique history of religious reform. The discussions of image and idolatry in Calvin and Jewel represent particular theories of the image that derive from but also revise ancient Platonic theories of the image. Reformation iconoclasm brings up issues of ontology (who or what is God?), epistemology (by what means are we to know him? can he be represented to human senses?), and ethics (how does knowledge of God translate into moral action?). Protestant iconoclasts tend to emphasize the epistemological worth (or rather, worthlessness) of religious imagery, while the Catholic iconophiles emphasize the positive moral effects to be derived from the use of images in religious instruction. Although sparked in the 1520's and 30's, the debate between iconoclasts and iconophiles raged throughout the latter sixteenth century, well into Shakespeare's time. The iconoclastic writings of Zwingli and Calvin had a powerful legacy throughout Europe. Calvin's collected Institutes of the Christian Religion was published in 1559. Perhaps spurred by theological arguments like Calvin's, violent stripping of church imagery and other popular agitation over idolatry took place in Switzerland and elsewhere on the continent. In England, John Jewel's dialogues with Dr. Harding on the subject of imagery, drawing very much on Calvin's arguments, were published in 1565 and again in 1611. During the English Reformation, the churches and monasteries of England were also stripped of their images by some Protestant objectors. It is clear that iconoclasm was an issue not only for elite churchmen--it also captured the hearts and minds of the general population, who were the audience of Shakes peare's theater. The problem of the image is traced, by many Protestant theologians, to several major scriptural conflicts. The first important reference is God's pronouncement in Genesis: "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness" (Gen.

Altruism in humans Essay

Calvin et al (1987) proposed a more selfish view of helping, stressing that people help others to avoid feeling sad (a negative state) and because it makes them feel good about themselves. This is called the Negative State Relief (NSR) model. It doesn’t matter whether the negative affect (mood) is caused by witnessing the distress of the victim or whether the helper was already in bad mood. Either way, you help to improve your own mood. Adults may internalise the reward of doing good†¦.. Therefore, adults in a bad mood may help in order to alleviate their negative state. However if people can relieve their negative mood through some other source (such as hearing a good joke or getting some money) then they do not need to help. Effect of Mood Enhancement (EME) study A variation on Batson’s research was carried. Those participants in the high empathy group (i. e. those who shared in the same opinions as Elaine or Charlie) were offered some cash during the experiment. Accordingly, they helped less-their negative state at seeing Elaine or Charlie suffer was diminished by the cash. The reduction of their negative state in this was meant that they didn’t have to help reduce their negative feelings (conclusion). It’s been found in numerous studies that being in a good mood results in more pro-social behaviour. Research have found people to be more helpful after listening to comedy, smelling pleasant odours, after finding money or by going outside on sunny days (Boron and Byrne,199†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ). However if people feel their good mood will be affected by helping then they are more likely to not help and walk. Artificial studies: all lab studies are extremely artificial and lack ecological validity. Behaviour in the real world is subject to many other factors, such as social and cultural influences on behaviour – none of which are explored in these lab settings. Therefore it is difficult to generalise lab findings to a wider context. People have criticised Cialdini et al for proposing to negative a view of human behaviour. However the selfish view of human behaviour might be right. ) Helping does help negative state: it’s not in dispute those helping others/ another person in need does lead to an improved mood for the helper. So it has face validity.

Velázquez’s Las Meninas

The work of art of Diego Velasquez de Silva entitled Las Meninas is claimed to be the â€Å"Theology of painting† by art critic Luca Giordano. Other art critic such as Palomino states that Las Meninas was â€Å"truth, not painting† and Tà ©ophile Gautier says that â€Å"wondered where the picture was†. Las Meninas interpretations were made even for other fields such as mathematics, moral politics, politics and astrology. Many questions had also risen from the painting that were given with other long names before it was finally called Las Meninas derived from the Portuguese word for Maids of Honour of the Royal children in the 17th century.One of these questions was who and what was the portrait being painted in front of the canvass being hidden from us. Is it the royal couple being painted, or is it really the royal princess being the one prepared to be painted? The figures painted in Las Meninas suggest to me that Diego Velasquez de Silva is painting a portrait of King Philip IV and Queen Mariana as they are reflected from a mirror glass behind Las Meninas.The focus of sight of the self-portrait of Velasquez, the picture of the dwarf Maribarbola, the picture of the queen’s palace marshal Jose Nieto, and the picture of a guardadamas all suggest to me that it was the portrait of the royal couple that were the one really being painted by Velasquez in the front of the canvass that were hidden from us. Las Meninas is somewhat a snapshot of the painting session of Velasquez with the royal couple which is being viewed by their Infanta Margarita together with her court. Infanta Margarita is shown to be not focused with either the portrait being canvassed or the royal couple being painted.This could be caused by the offering of a jug of water by the queen’s maid of honour, Doà ±a Maria Agustina Sarmiento. The two lady servants are too focused with assisting Infanta Margarita. The male dwarf beside Maribarbola was then busy with play ing with a dog in front of them. The lady in waiting beside the guardadamas may be described in Las Meninas as being bored or sleepy. Though some were not focused with what Velasquez was working on, it is enough for me that Velasquez, Nieto, Maribarbola, and the Guardadamas was looking with the royal couple so as to conclude they were the one being painted by Velasquez.

black forest German I project Essays

black forest German I project Essays black forest German I project Essay black forest German I project Essay Reson for name: The black forest used to be a thick forest of conifers blocking out the light. Aproximate size: 5,000 sq miles Changes in black forest: The black forest has changed due to logging and increased demand for lumber. Products associated with the Black Forest: Cucko clocks are a product of the black forest trees. Cucko clacks are made with the black forest trees. 3 facts about markets: Markets are avalible in towns once a week. You can buy fresh products at reasonable pricing. It is easier for the farmers and growers to go and sell n markets so they dont have to buy store front. important considerations for hiking in Germany: First time round is better to hike with a guide. Where good hiking shoes or boots. Steep and bumpy trails are the hiking in Germany. 3 facts about German eating establishments: Geustheuses are Inn type reastraunts offer the best specialties in the region. Geustheuse are often kept in the family for many generations. Many langer Geustheuse are homes to the family owning the Geustheuse. 3 important tips for eating in a German restaurant: The menus are utside the window so you can already know what to order and how much to pay. You can go into reastrounts in Germany and pick your own table and only rarely are there hosts or hostests that will seat you. Germans take their time eating at restaurants. The black forest is in germany and is aproximatly 5,000 sq miles. The name Black forest is from the forest being so thick that it was dark. It often was home to smugglers and other criminal type people. The forest used to be thick with conifers and the trees would block the light from coming in the forest. Due to loging and the ncreased demand for lumber, the black forest has gotten less dense and thick. Products that come from the Black forest are things like cucko clocks which are very famouse in Germany. When hiking, we came across our first town with a market. Markets are avalible in towns once a week. You can buy fresh products at reasonable prices. Mankets amke it easier for famers and local grows because they dont have to buy store front spacing to sell their products. When we left the market and continued on our hike we reviewed some important tips for hiking in Germany. It is important to ike with a guide the first time round the trail even though the trails are labeled well. The trails are often steep and bumpy when hiking in Germany. It is also important To wear good hiking boots or shoes when hiking in Germany. When we reached our destination at the end of the trail, we learned three facts about German eating establishments. Geustheuses are Inn type reastraunts offer the best specialties in the region. Geustheuse are often kept in the family for many generations. Many langer Geustheuse are homes to the family owning the Geustheuse. When we went o a restaurant, we learned many other important facts as well. The menus are restaurants. The Black forest was a fun hiking trip. We learned many important facts about the blakc forest. We also learned the history of the black forest like that the black forest was thought to be home nomes and faeries. We learned the important need-knows about hiking in Germany and facts about markets in towns. The restaurants are very different from America and we learned tips for making changes when dining in a German restaurant. Sources: blackforestinfo. com/ regions/regions. html

Widow Maker

Widow Maker Definition of a Widowmaker Loggers have always had to deal with daily exposure to situations that could seriously jeopardize  their health and even cause death. There are many ways forestry workers and recreational users of a forest can quickly suffer from a tree-related accident. The term widow maker came to be as a morbid reminder for people working in the woods to avoid situations that can both cause death and profoundly affect the family. The short definition of the term can be translated into the phrase - any loose overhead debris such as limbs or tree tops that may fall at any time. Widow makers are extremely dangerous and present a tree  faller with a continual source of danger. Limb or other loose material dropped or thrown from a tree toward the faller as the tree is felled. Wildland fire fighters, foresters and woods workers have expanded this definition to include many situations in which a tree can cause harm leading to a fatality.   Hazards that Qualify as a Widowmaker The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has expanded these hazards into conditions that should be avoided or eliminated before attempting to fell trees. Anyone that regularly visits the forest should understand how to  evaluate the surrounding area to identify potential tree hazards. Here are those important hazards you need to recognize in a forest: Snags  are stand alone dead trees and subject to failure and falling at any moment. Snags are significantly dangerous when equipment vibrations, high winds and fire undermine an already unsturdy structure. Throwback is usually seen when trees fall through other trees and on objects during felling a tree. Size up the direction a tree will fall before cutting. Never turn your back on a falling tree and plan an escape route if you are the feller. Extreme Weather includes wind, rain and ice. You increase you chances for harm as your exposure to these natural disturbances. Do your woods-work or play on a safer site or another day. Tree Tension Release is usually not a problem during a casual visit to a forest.   It often happens when harvesting trees in multi-layered canopies. On example of this is called a spring pole where a  tree, segment of a tree, limb, or sapling under stress or tension is released due to the pressure or weight of another tree or object.   Terrain effect ca n provide the physics to initiate a catalyst to cause a ripple of multiple hazards to occur. If the tree falls onto stumps, rocks, or uneven ground, a hazard may be created. Always be aware of your surroundings,

Ethnographic Study of the Skateboarding Culture Essay

Ethnographic Study of the Skateboarding Culture - Essay Example The purpose of this essay is to provide an ethnographic description of the language, behavior, values and beliefs of the skateboarders in order to understand their cultural orientation as a group. In this ethnographic study, the culture of skateboarding is described through observing skateboarders in action. The findings suggest ideas of concern for safety, acceptance, progression, self-expression of style and energy & drive. Through the observation of cultural artifacts and styles of communication, the culture of competitive skateboarding is described and all the generalizations encompassed in skateboarding discussed. Using the small sample of skateboarders, data will be collected and analyzed in order to draw conclusions about the culture of skateboarding ethnographically. This essay has revealed that skaters are not rebels or social deviants, as they are normally perceived by the society. They are often banned from certain areas because of this perception and this limits their fre edom. The female skateboarders describe it as comfortable, empowering, adventurers and fun. The males also say the same as everyone seems to be happy with skateboarding because of their love for it. The researcher states that skateboarders should not be judged harshly as the case is because they have a good organizational culture. The culture empowers them into being responsible adults because it encourages cooperation and support for each other regardless of the differences based on age, race or sexual orientation.

The Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example But if we look closer, we'll come to understand his negative outlook and bitterness toward life shows his fears and frustrations in life. At a young age, he had experienced the cruel side of life when his brother died and when he witnessed what he calls phoniness of the world. In one phony situation, Holden described his former headmaster, Mr.Haas as the phoniest bastard he ever met. "On Sundays, for instance, old Haas went around shaking hands with everybody's parents when they drove up to school. He'd be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had a little old funny-looking parents" (Salinger, 14; ch. 2). Holden's experience of hypocrisy makes him view adults as superficial, insincere and guilty of a lot of things that's why he always quit school or gets expelled. His attitude is caused by his disappointment of the people surrounding him. In his encounter with the nuns, Holden displays his dismay of the irony of life but at the same time show his good heart. The line "I hate it if I'm eating bacon and eggs or something and somebody else is only eating toast and coffee. They let me give ten bucks as a contribution" (Salinger, 110; ch. 15).

Digital Philosophy - What is Posthumanism Essay

Digital Philosophy - What is Posthumanism - Essay Example From ancient period, human beings had the desire of acquiring new skills and abilities. The boundaries of our existence (social, mental, or geographical) have been extended. A way to overcome the obstacles and limitations of life and achieve happiness had always been the tendency of the human race. From the time of invention of fire until the use of computer, human beings have learnt the use of science and technology in every aspect of their lives. Thus, the capability of a human being can be regarded as unlimited. From the days of human beings using technologies for betterment of their work process, we are now approaching towards the period when artificial intelligence might exceed human level. The rapid pace in which the technologies are changing in recent period will have huge impact on humanity in the recent future if the innovative trend persists. There have been shifts towards the digital technology in the recent decade. A new philosophical movement gained attention in the rece nt decade. With the development of the new technologies and the transformation of the world by its potentiality, the emergence of thoughts of posthumanists or transhumanists emerged. The scientists have found technologies that perform human works better than they do. There are two options left; one is to let the machines take every decision without the oversight of human beings and the other one is to let the human beings retain their control over them. The result of both might be complex and harmful for the society. If the machines are allowed to take decisions then human being will have to live in their mercy, and if that is not permitted then they will be so dependable on them (machines) in every aspects of their life that turning the machines off will be almost equivalent to suicide. The intellectual and the philosophical background of the digital technologies, digital media, and the digital culture of the contemporary period with their impact on the human civilization is the ma in aim of this paper. (Bostrom, 2005, pp 1-8: Joy, 2000) Post humanism The post humanists’ (or transhumanists) declaration was crafted by an international group of authors in the year 1998. It mainly involves dealing with the limitations of human form by radical use of technologies and other possible means. The human longing to advance is the core of post humanism. The rapid development of new technology and their potentiality in transforming the human world is what inspired the thought of post humanism. The terms ‘post humanism’ and ‘transhumanism’ are often treated as identical. Both the words describe the broad role played by technology in human life. Technology is expected to bring a new evolution of the human society beyond the definition of ‘human’ in traditional terms. However, the two terms are distinguished sometimes with transhumanism representing the movement that influences the new evolution of human beings to reach the phase of post humanism. The core of transhumanists’ hopes consists of a range of technologies, which involve advanced computing powers, and technology of cyborg in the short term. Nevertheless, for the long-term phenomenon they mainly focus on technologies that have cumulative impact of artificial technology, the use of nanotechnology and the technology of genetic engineering. The genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics revolution (GNR) will propel human beings into the realm of a new world. According to Kurzwell, humanity at present can only dream about the experience and the possibilities that are waiting for them in the changed new world of technology. It can be applied to physical strength, happiness, intelligence, and speed and any other aspects of human existence. The most important feature of post humanism is techno transcendence, which indicates the use of technology to overcome the obstacles (Ust,

Dementia Care Training for Nurses

Dementia Care Training for Nurses Improving Dementia Care Training for Registered General Nurses and Adult Student Nurses: examining the need, efficacy, content and barriers. This Independent Project aims to explore the efficacy of current provision for Dementia care training for Adult branch Student Nurses and Registered General Nurses (RGN’s). A range of audits and research literature on this area of special interest will be examined to obtain a better picture of the situation with an aim to discover a recommendation for whether more training in this area is needed. The content and provision needs of training will also be explored with barriers to effective care and training critically analysed. Introduction Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of symptoms caused by certain diseases or conditions associated with decline in a person’s cognitive abilities such as memory, personality changes, impaired reasoning and use of verbal language, which are severe enough to reduce a person’s ability to perform every-day activities (Chater and Hughes 2012). The most common of these diseases is Alzheimer’s reference. Dementia is progressive and incurable, therefore it is vital these people are supported and cared for by nurses who have been trained with the skills and knowledge needed to deliver high quality evidence based care. ADD IN STRONG REFERENCE THAT TRAINING IMPROVES QUALITY EVIDENCE-BASED CARE. There are currently 800,000 people with dementia living in the UK, with these figures expected to rise by 40% over the next 12 years and by 156% over the next 38 years due to an ageing population. Evidence from the Department of Health (2012) shows that 95% of these people are over the age of 65 and are therefore more likely to have complex medical needs. As a result; they spend increased time in acute hospital wards under the care of RGN’s, making training in this area for this group of health professionals a contemporary issue which needs exploration (Department of Health 2012) . The rising number of patients with dementia presents a challenge for all acute hospital trusts and many different health professionals. Such patients experience higher mortality rates and are more likely to have longer lengths of stay than others, they are also more at risk of falls and other incidents whilst in hospital (Cornwell et al 2012). Aside from the cost implications to the NHS when trusts do not get to grips with this challenge, the patients are not getting appropriate care – they are not ‘living well with dementia’ (Department of Health 2009). The National Dementia Strategy set a clear vision that people with dementia and their carers should be helped to live well with dementia, no matter what the stage of their condition or where they are in the health and care system. Through examination of Dementia training efficacy, it is hoped a recommendation will be made to improve the lives of those living with Dementia through changes in Dementia Care training for RGN’s. Following initial exploration of evidence available surrounding Dementia care training, the following issues will be addressed and critically analysed: Why is Dementia Training for RGN’s needed? How can the efficacy of training on Dementia care for RGN’s be improved? What content should be used in Dementia care training? What are the barriers to implementation of Dementia care training? Why is Dementia Training for RGN’s needed? Patients admitted to acute hospital wards with dementia have comparatively poorer outcomes regarding length of stay, mortality and further institutionalism (DH 2009, Alzheimer’s Society 2012). In addition, this group of patients place higher demands for nursing care, are more likely to functionally decline during admission and suffer increased rates of delayed discharge. This can result in permanent decline in health and added costs to NHS trusts (Mukadam and Sampson 2011). Though thought by many to be due to their complex health needs (REFERENCE), The Health Foundation (2011) has suggested a significant reason for these poorer outcomes is lack of professional understanding by RGN’s in providing appropriate care. Improvement in Dementia care is currently a nationwide health initiative reference. National audits over the last 5 years have recommended implementation of dementia services such as dementia lead nurses, standardised assessment and care protocols and compulsory staff training (DH 2009, Harwood et al. 2010, Thompson and Heath 2013, RCP 2013). Yet there are many recent reports of poor and sometimes negligent care suggesting these recommendations have not yet been followed or implemented (Leung and Todd 2010, Francis 2013, RCP 2013). Results from the National Audit of Dementia Care in general hospitals indicated that nurses working on acute wards rated significantly lower adequacy of training than nurses working on care of elderly wards. Other audits such as Counting the Cost report (Alzheimer’s Society 2009) indicated that more than half of nurses had not received any pre or post registered dementia training. Elliot and Adams (2011) further identify the lack of understanding around Dementia, meaning the needs of older people with Dementia are not addressed in many acute hospital settings. As can be seen, the need for specific training in Dementia care for RGN’s is strong. There is evidence to support positive influence on effective care with training. The National Audit of Dementia Care in General Hospitals (NAD 2012) was commissioned by Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership to address the concerns of care for people with dementia (Tadd et al. 2011). These audits aimed to identify hospital’s provision of assessment, care models and staff training. Following the 1st round of audits in 2011 a report by Thompson and Heath concluded that the main barriers to providing good care were lack of understanding of the condition, not enough time to care and failing to communicate with patients. Improvements are not as forthcoming in dementia assessment on admission to acute wards. Results from the 2nd round audit of NAD acknowledge that there had been improvement in implementation of staff training frameworks in hospitals since the 1st round audit and represented an improvement in care as a result (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2013). The 2nd round report highlighted that approximately 75% of hospitals now provide dementia awareness training to nurses, although almost 50% are still failing to provide dementia awareness training as part of induction programmes. The report suggests that further improvement is required in providing better and more consistent staff training, as despite some progress, there appears to be a gap between actual training and written reports (RCP 2013). As a result, the recommendations outlined and analysed in this Independent project may be of some use in raising positive statistics. How can the efficacy of training on Dementia care for RGN’s be improved? It is the evaluation of this evidence which aims to generate key recommendations for provision of Dementia care training. Elliot and Adams (2011) were able to show improvements in needs met where specific education for RGN’s is provided by a Dementia Nurse Specialist (recommendation number 1). This shows the role of the Dementia Nurse Specialist to be vital in improving the efficacy of Dementia training and infiltrating best possible evidence-based care into clinical practice. However, despite this, the minimal numbers of Dementia Nurse Specialists currently practicing has to be identified as a limiting factor. In many trusts and academic institutions, there is no availability for a Dementia Nurse Specialist to provide training, therefore limiting efficacy even when extensive training is to be provided (Knifton et al. 2014). In terms of training content, it is well documented that evidence used should be reliable and credibly underpin clinical practice as this promotes evidence –based practice and better health outcomes (Jeffs et al. 2013). Evidence based practice is vital in all nurses’ roles (REFERENCE NMC CODE). REFERENCE suggests up to date qualitative and quantitative research is the only knowledge and information base which should be used to allow best care to be provided, hence placing important value of increased use of evidence based research in training sessions. Currently, Moyle et al. (2008) suggests the lack of research used to underpin Dementia training for RGN’s is limiting ability to not only provide best care but also identify those living with Dementia (Chang et al. 2009) RECOMMENDATION 2. However, barriers to evidence based care remain even when high quality evidence is used to support training. Smith-Strom and Nortvedt (2008) have identified that RGN’s ofte n find evidence difficult to interpret and evaluate while Oermann (2009) suggests very little of the content is retained to be implemented into practice. This suggests RGN’s may also need training on evidence based practice and processing research (REFERENCE). Gerrish (2008) suggested the knowledge and skill of the individual nurse prior to receiving specific training heavily influenced their ability to improve their practice following. This suggests multiple training sessions on Dementia may be needed before practice can be changed and improved (REFERENCE). RECOMMENDATION 3. What content should be used in Dementia care training? Tadd et al. (2011) explain that one reason for increased functional decline is that care of patients on acute wards is prioritised from the perspective of the medical condition for which they have been admitted, often overlooking their mental health condition. Most acute wards follow rigid, task driven routines such as drug rounds, meal times and washing, while staff lack the necessary skills required to provide proficient dignified care. This form of nursing can cause increased anxiety and delirium resulting in poorer outcomes for individuals (Tadd et al. 2011, Calnan et al. 2013). Alzheimer’s Society (2009) report that patients admitted to acute hospital wards for longer periods are more likely to suffer from permanent worsened effects of dementia and physical health. They are more likely to receive prescribed antipsychotic drugs and to be discharged to residential care rather than their home (Thompson and Heath 2013). Leung and Todd (2010) acknowledge that specialist services do exist in some trusts and that training in managing behaviour, using life stories and implementing dementia care mapping are all good techniques that can help nurses to improve quality care. Dementia care mapping is an observational method of recording interactions that take place between individuals and nurses over a period of time (Ervin and Koschel 2012). This enables evaluation of what works and doesn’t work for patients, it is a useful way of tailoring person-centred care to help staff understand the experience of dementia from the patient’s perspective while rating quality of care given (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and Social Institute for Care Excellence 2007) (NICE-SCIE). Alzheimer’s Society (2013) suggest that nurses must challenge their task driven ward environment and provide a more flexible approach providing care from the patient’s perspective as this is achievable and beneficial to patients. Leung and Todd (2010) reported that most nurses have received little or no training and are ill equipped to deal with the many challenges that face both patients and nurses. Additionally NICE (2013) state that nurses suggest dementia education programmes should include identifying signs and symptoms, communication and person-centred care methods, treatment to include medicine administration and how to monitor side effects, particular emphasis was placed on requirement to assess pan. Nurses also suggested that learning about the impact of dementia on the individual and managing challenging behaviour would be useful. Dementia training is not a compulsory element of the pre-registered nursing curriculum although this has been recommended to the Nu rsing and Midwifery Council (NMC) by several national organisations. (NICE-SCIE 2007, Alzheimer’s Association 2009, All-party Parliamentary Group on Dementia 2012, Higher Education for Dementia Network 2014 (HEDN)). The NHS Confederation (2010) recognise that providing dementia training to staff could benefit hospital trusts in several ways. These include nurses being equipped to identify those with dementia, therefore being able to implement care pathways appropriate to patients. Effective management of patients with dementia helps avoid disorientation and anxiousness which could reduce the amount of time spent attending to challenging behaviour and allow staff more time to care for all patients on an acute ward. What are the barriers to implementation of Dementia care training? Even when effective dementia training has been provided, barriers to good quality evidence-based care remain and it is important these do not go unnoticed. Identification and knowledge of these barriers alone can minimise their limiting factor (reference). Acute hospital settings pose many challenges to both patients with dementia and the nurses caring for them. Yet Harwood et al. (2011) report that there is little evidence of research aimed at investigating these challenges and the provision of detailed policies on how to deal with them. Patients with dementia are more likely to find an unfamiliar environment unsettling, frightening and confusing due to the nature of impaired cognitive ability (Moyle et al. 2008). This accounts for literature suggesting that an acute ward environment comprised of identical doorways and bed spaces causes added confusion to patients (Reference). This often creates increased disorientation, aggression or withdrawal (Leung and Todd, Thompson and Heath 2 013). This further challenges the nurse’s role in maintaining nutritional, personal hygiene and drug administration tasks as individuals can no longer respond to familiar faces, environment and daily routines (Tadd et al. 2011). Barriers Overcoming the barriers The government accepts improvements are needed and is pinning hopes on the  £3.8 billion Better Care Fund, which will was launched in April 2015. The pot has been earmarked for joint projects between the NHS and local government to encourage more integrated care. STUDENT NURSES 2015 report: Dementia education to bestandardised at degree level some nursing degrees offer only three hours of dementia education throughout the whole three-year course. How this should change following the dementia core skills framework, but it doesn’t state how many hours students will be required to undertake. Student nurse attitudes towards working with the elderly Future plans for RGN’s HEE 2013 Mandate targets. – ensure that tools and training opportunities in dementia are available to all staff by the end of 2018. Current training requierments of RGN’s in relation to Dementia training References Department of Health (2009) Living well with dementia: a national dementia strategy. The Stationery Office, London. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence/Social Care Institute for Excellence guideline (2006) Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. NICE/SCIE, London.

The Daily Collegian of University Park :: Persuasive Presidential Political Politics Essays

The Daily Collegian of University Park Dear students, professors, and residents of the State College area, The 2004 presidential election is right around the corner, only several days away. This election is one of the closest races in American history. It is very hard to tell which candidate is going to win the election. Of the two presidential election candidates, John Kerry of the Democratic Party and George Bush of the Republican Party, they have totally different styles and policies. Their policies will significantly affect our future in various aspects. I will analyze each candidate and evaluate their political opinions on different issues so that everyone will have a better understanding of the two candidates. This is the election you want to participate, since your future will depend on the two candidates. Job opportunities, incomes, taxes, foreign relationships, government spending, and education will be at stake. This editorial will provide insights and information that will help voters to cast their important votes that may alter the result of this election. Let us look at John Kerry’s plan for recovering the poor American economy. John Kerry has a detailed plan for helping America to create jobs instead of enduring the high unemployment rate during the office of George W. Bush as the 43rd president of the United States. When students graduate from college, the first thing they want is job security and income. They would preferably want jobs with good wages. John Kerry will create good-paying jobs in America. According to John Kerry’s campaign website http://www.johnkerry.com, he will end tax breaks to the companies that create jobs overseas. John Kerry will create a New Job Tax Credit to encourage firms to hire the US local citizens. Also, he will increase the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.00 by 2007. With an increase of the minimum wage, the average wage is likely to go up. This will ensure that people can still make a living from working full-time in those minimum-paying jobs. His plan will reverse the current trend of job losses overseas and bring job opportunities back to America. Employment and wag es will increase under John Kerry's plan for economic recovery. In the area of education, John Kerry's plan will improve school quality and allow students to obtain higher education. He will offer schools the resources and reforms they need to give everyone, regardless of one's income, race, or family background, a great education.

Explain What Is Radiative Forcing Environmental Sciences Essay

The green house consequence occurs when definite gases-recognized as green house gases-gather in Earth environment. These gases consist of C dioxide, azotic oxide ( N2O ) , methane, fluorinated exhausts, and ozone. Greenhouse fumes allow the Sun ‘s mild freshness onto the Planet ‘s surface, but they snare the heated that shows back once more up into the conditions. In this manner, they act like the cup surfaces of a green house. This green house impact keeps the World heated plenty to keep lifestyle. Research workers say that without the green house impact, the conditions of the World would fall from 14EsC ( 57EsF ) to every bit low as -18EsC ( -0.4EsF ) .List the chief GHGs. Supply the names and the chemical expression?Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , Methane ( CH4 ) , Azotic oxide ( N2O ) , CFC-12 ( CCI2F2 ) , HCFC-22 ( CHCIF2 ) , Perfluoromethane ( CF4 ) and Sulphur hexa-fluoride ( SF6 ) .Explain what is Radiative Coercing?When people discuss climatic alteration or the green h ouse consequence, the chief existent scientific thought that explains the procedure is radiative coercing. In brief, radiative forcing is an instant step of the measure that the Earth ‘s power monetary value scope is out of stableness.What is the current concentration of CO2 and what was it 1000 old ages ago?Any issue relevant to the uninterrupted development of the air ‘s CO2 focal point is the fright that it may do to black climatic modify. There is small purpose to believe that such will of all time go on, nevertheless, for several findings of traditional alterations in environmental CO2 focal point and air heat scope recommend that it is planetary warming that pushes alterations in the air ‘s CO2 stuff and non frailty versa. In a research of the international heating ‘s that signaled the decease of the last three ice age groups, for illustration, Atomic et Al. ( 1999 ) discovered that air heat scope ever increased foremost, followed by a rise in environme ntal CO2 some 400 to 1000 decennaries later. Atmospheric CO2A phases have continued elevated than 350 ppm of all time since early on 1988.List and explicate what sort of information is used to gauge past concentration of CO2?Another less direct method is to analyze the development circles of trees. Trees develop more rapidly when the clime is warm and wet, but they besides develop more rapidly when CO2 phases are higher. It is possible to do judgements of CO2 phases in the past by analysing the development circles of trees, either as workss or every bit found in wood of old constructions or ships and so on.Define Carbon pes print?The measure of green house exhausts produced to straight and finally support human activities, normally indicated in tantamount plentifulness of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . In other words: When you generate a auto, the engine Burnss petrol which makes a certain measure of CO2, based on its gasoline consumption and the drive scope. ( CO2 is the substance icon f or every bit good as dioxide ) . When you warm your place with oil, gas or dodo fuel, so you besides produce CO2. Even if you warm your place with power, the creative activity of the electric energy may besides hold produced a certain measure of CO2. When you buy repasts and merchandises, the development of the repasts and merchandises besides produced some sums of CO2. The C footmark is an highly influential utensil to recognize the contact of personal activities on planetary heating.List Currently from which human activities do Most of Green House Gases Come From?Technically any and all human action causes the development of CO2. When you take in breathe you generate this gas. The MAJOR makers of green house gas ( of which adult male ‘s entire development is little ) consist of the air conditioning of houses and constructions partly through the creative activity of power ( approximately 50 % of our production ) , so Transport ( approximately 30 % ) . The remaining 20 % is pr opagating about reasonably broad and besides from the development of nutrient and medicine to utilizing the cyberspace.Which activity does Most of Green House Gases Come From in the natural C rhythm?Co2 ( CO2 ) is the primary green house gas produced through single actions. In 2010, CO2 included approximately 84 % of all U.S. green house gas pollutants from single actions. Co2 is of course present in the conditions as portion of the Global every bit good as form ( the organic motion of every bit good as among the conditions, sea, land, workss, and animate beings ) . Human actions are altering the every bit good as rhythm — both by adding more CO2 to the conditions and by impacting the ability of organic basins, like jungles, to take CO2 from the conditions. While CO2 pollutants come from a assortment of organic beginnings, human-related pollutants are responsible for the addition that has happened in the conditions since the commercial tendency.In your sentiment, list and exp licate what the chief C sinks are?Demonstrates the annual activity of 100s of unmeasurable carbon dioxide between the conditions, H2O, and land which are the major armored combat vehicles, or â€Å" sinks † of CO2 – and under other fortunes, a â€Å" beginning † for carbon dioxide. In add-on to the ambiance, the sea acts as a important drain for carbon dioxide with cold H2O taking in more CO2 than H2O. Just as a warming bubbly imbibe green goodss pockets of CO2, so will heating sea temperatures. Absorbed CO2 removed from the sea ( and other Waterss ) by the photosynthesis of plankton and other Marine workss, and so returned to the system as the workss are consumed by animate beings. Demolished carbon dioxide besides chemical responds with H2O to organize carbonaceous acid ( CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 ) which acidifies the environment, and is thought to be responsible for barrier reefs bleaching ; and, presents a important hazard to other marine life.What are Primary infl uences on Carbon emanations?Meaning of statistic boundaries: Pollutants can be linked geographically, to the country where they were created ( the country rule ) or by the action construct to the country created the emanations. These two constructs result in different some when calculating, for illustration, power importing from one state to another, or emanations at a terminus. Time skyline of different GHGs: Engagement of a given GHG is revealed as a CO2 comparative. The calculation to calculate out this considers how long that gas continues to be in the conditions. This is non ever known absolutely and calculations must be systematically modified to bespeak new information. What countries are involved in the calculation ( e.g. , energy countries, commercial processs, farming etc. ) : There is frequently an issue between visibleness and handiness to informations. The statistic method itself: This may be via immediate statistic or rating. The four chief techniques are the exhaust f actor-based technique, bulk balance technique, prognostic emanations tracking system, and repeating emanations tracking systems. These techniques vary in preciseness, cost, and functionality.What are secondary influences on Carbon emanations?They are calculated in C dioxide comparable, by agencies of all nursery gases being fitted following to a rubric which employs C dioxide as a support. Several influences appear at primary and secondary footing ‘s, untangling the two. Such as, when person takes a auto, this produces a primary foundation of C dioxide. While person sips bottled H2O, this produces a secondary footing ; so the emanations are non in the bottle itself, nevertheless in the developed and transit of the container.Explain what is polar dipole?A polar molecule is a molecule in which there is some separation of charge in the chemical bonds, so that one portion of the molecule has a little positive charge and the other a little negative charge. Water is a well-known ill ustration of a polar molecule. Dipole molecules are created when common electronic brace at covalent bond is asymmetrical. If different atoms are bonded by a covalent bond, which can hold different negatron affinity, so the atom with greater negatron affinity will pull the negatron pairs more strongly. In this manner an asymmetrical distribution of negative charge appears in a molecule, so one portion of the molecule becomes comparatively negatively ( the one closer to the electron brace ) and the other becomes comparatively positively charged.Why is Methane more powerful than Carbon dioxide as a GHG?The climatic modify prospective or GWP, is a simple measuring frequently used to measure how much more extremely effectual a given green house gas is in comparing to co2. Back in 1996, the Intergovernmental Board on Environment Change approximated the GWP for methane as 21, regarded over a 100-year clip form following fumes. As of 2007, the IPCC provided climatic modify possibilities ( GWP ) for methane of 25 for a 100-year integrated time-frame and 72 for a 20-year integrated clip interval after fumes. Using a more latest design to better catch how methane communicates with other radiatively effectual ingredients, Shindell et Al. in a 2009 papers in Technology modified these facets to 33 and 105 severally. These greater rules indicate the best, most present scientific discipline. The GWP for methane is less at the drawn-out interval scope merely because methane does non stay in the conditions for every bit long as carbon dioxide.Describe what are CAP and Trade?A cap and trade categorization is a method for managing taint, with the terminal aim of diminishing the overall taint in a state, country, or market. Many protagonists of taint control aid the thought of such systems, differing that they are effectual, and that they appear reasonable financially every bit good. It is merely one option among many for diminishing the fumes of contaminations, such as carbon di oxide, a green house gas that has drawn important sums of attending due to its ecological effects.What is eccentricity of Earth and how does it impact clime?The World does non hold eccentricity. However, the orbit of the World about the Sun is a small spot unusual. This has small impact on the times ( in the North Hemisphere, it really makes summer clip and winter a small milder ) . Neither does the World have point. However, the whirling axis of the World is angled comparative to the aircraft of the Global orbit around the Sun. The relationship between this point and glacial times is unidentified.What is precession alteration and how does it impact the clime?The alterations in the topographic point of universe and its orbit around the Sun are known as flawlessness modify. As we know Our Earth revolves at an topographic point of 23.5 degree to the consecutive and its Northern Post factors to the famous person Polaris in the celestial country presently. Because of precession, it used to factor to the famous person Vega likely about 12,500 decennaries ago. This implies that if we try to acquire out the effects of precession on our Earth every season the alteration is minimum. However, at the terminal of the form, such as this season, in my information, our Earth is expected to complete another form.What is the magnetic poles alteration and how make these impact the clime?Many natural systems have been suggested for international heating during the past 1000s of old ages none of these appears to hold included the alterations in international heat scope seen over the 2nd half of the last century. As such the rise in heat scope has been linked to manmade systems. Research of the activity of the Global attractive northern and south poles over the last 105 old ages shows strong connexions between the place of the northern attractive, and geomagnetic Northern and south poles, and both northern hemisphere and international temperatures. Although these connexions are su rprising, a mathematical analysis shows there is a less than one per centum opportunity they are alone, but it is non clear how gestures of the northern and south poles affect environment. Links between alterations in the Global attractive country and international heating, have been suggested antecedently although the exact process is debated. These include: The Global attractive country impacts the energy transportation monetary values from the solar air current to the Global environment which in bend impacts the North Ocean Oscillation. Motion of the northern and south poles changes the geographical entry of galactic and solar cosmic radiation, traveling them to peculiarly environment sensitive countries. Changes in entry of extremist violet radiation caused by the activity of the attractive country may ensue in additions in the decease monetary values of C falling pelagic workss such as phytoplankton.Were the aims of the lesson met? Yes __________ NO ________________ ?Yes I have met all the aims of the lesson.

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The potential of stem cells for myelin repair in the central nervous system The WritePass Journal

The potential of stem cells for myelin repair in the central nervous system Introduction The potential of stem cells for myelin repair in the central nervous system IntroductionThe policy and its objectivesPolicy evolutionPolicy ProcessImplementationPolicy EvaluationImpact of this policyConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction The policy and its objectives From 1st July 2007 all public places and workplaces in England have been smoke-free. The smoking ban was introduced in Wales on the 2nd April 2007 and in Scotland in March 2006. The legislation aims to protect employees in all workplaces from the ill-health associated with smoking and to encourage people to give up smoking. In October 2007, the legal age for buying tobacco was raised from 16-18.   NHS Stop Smoking Services have seen unprecedented levels of demand since the introduction of smoke free legislation. On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008. Under the legislation, it is the duty of any person who controls/manager of smoke-free premises to stop people smoking there and if they fail to comply with this duty, they are committing an offence. Employers need to have and maintain a Smoke-free Policy outlining the restrictions on smoking and how non-observance will be dealt with. The ‘Smoke-free’ Policy prohibits smoking in all enclosed and substantially enclosed areas in the workplace, including company vehicles. Members of staff are only permitted to smoke whilst off duty, in official break times only, and in unenclosed designated areas. The policy applies to all visitors, customers and other people who enter the workplace. The policy on passive smoking has been genuinely concerned only with a reduction in smoking in public places; other issues about the formulation of policy in this area are raised, in addition to any concern that the ban on smoking may represent a disproportionate policy response. One of these issues is whether decision-making in this area has given sufficient attention to alternative policy responses, as required by the Treasury guidelines. The Confederation of British Industry   have strongly argued that voluntary smoking bans are already in place in many areas and that business saw the legislation as further evidence of unnecessary intervention by government. The Smoke-Free Policy Objectives are to save lives over the next decade by reducing exposure to hazardous second hand smoke. The policy also aims to protect and improve the health of staff, patients / clients, visitors and contractors by countering the health risks caused by tobacco smoke. Assist both patients and staff who wish to stop smoking by ensuring smoking cessation support is widely available to staff, patients and clients; set an example of best practice; reduce the risks to health from exposure to second-hand smoke; recognise a person’s right to be protected from harm and to enjoy smoke-free air; and increase the benefits of smoke-free enclosed public places and workplaces for people trying to give up smoking so that they can succeed in an environment where social pressures to smoke are reduced. Whether the policy will directly reduce the incidence of smoking and smoking-related diseases remains to be seen. It has proved that the banning smoking in public places, th e policy has been highly effective. She stressed there would be public consultation on how to protect staff in pubs where smoking will still be allowed possibly giving a second chance for her plan to restrict smoking in exempted pubs to sealed smoking rooms. The Health Bill also includes measures to tackle MRSA, new rules on managing controlled drugs, proposals to pave the way for reform of pharmacies, including new roles for pharmacy staff. The main objective of this policy is to ban smoking in public places in order to reduce the incidence of passive smoking and protect childrens and adults overall health. Groups that are affected by the ban are smokers, owners of pubs and restaurants and also cafes, the general public are also affected. The main aspects of the Health bill is the legislation of the ban of smoking in workplaces and also the new hygiene code of conduct that has been introduced for health providers to help reduce hospital infections and also a shipman safeguard which means their will now be a tighter management of controlled drugs after inquiry into the GPS murders. And finally the last main aspect of the Health bill is a reform to the way chemists work. When proposed in 2007 it was outlined that three years after the smoking ban was put in place the bill would be reviewed. However, after the 2010 General Election the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats which entered the Coalition Government announced that it would no longer be reviewing the smoke free legislation on the 30th June 2010.   However, an attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading. Policy evolution The House of Lords commented saying that the ban on smoking in pubs was an over reaction to the threat posed by passive smoking and was the MPs failure to understand the concept of risk. The Lords Economic Affairs Committee cited the smoking ban as an example of policy based on bad science and that it had been sold to the public as necessary because of the dangers of passive smoking. However the Committee members later questioned whether the Government had a scientific basis for the claim after Caroline Flint, the Health Minister, told the committee: â€Å"In relation to deaths from smoking and second-hand smoke, the most serious aspect is smoking in the home. Ninety-five per cent of deaths are related to smoking in the home.† With the main risk of passive smoking was with the concern of children who were exposed to second hand smoke in the home and the bill was not originally designed to address this issue. Tobacco control policy in England during the years of 1998-2009 was largely guided by the 1998 white paper Smoking Kills and the public Health white paper Choosing Health published in November 2004. In 2004 the Department of Health set targets to reduce smoking prevalence in the population with aiming to reduce smoking rates to 21% or less by 2010. Policy Process After opposition and debates within the cabinet on the 26th October 2005 the government published that it would continue with the plan of the smoking ban. However, there was still wide criticism with many MPS threatening to overturn the bill. One year later, on the 11th January the government announced that MPs would gain a free vote on an amendment to the Health bill. On the 14th February 2006 the House of Common voted on the amendment to the original plan and wanted to extend the ban so that all enclosed public places, including private members clubs would also be smoke free. MPS went on to vote whether all enclosed public places. This amendment gained significant support and the legislation was passed by the House of Lords. Many campaigners said that the partial ban in 2005 did not go far enough and said that it would still leave workers in private members clubs and pubs not serving food at risk of second hand smoke. In August 2003, Pizza Hut announced that all 500 of its branches would become non-smoking and in January 2005, the JD Wetherspoons pub chain announced it would be following. Critics of the ban questioned the claim that passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, and organisations representing the tobacco industry and smokers also argued that ventilators could be used to remove smoke from bars and pubs, negating the need for a ban. However, the medical profession claimed that ventilators do not protect the public from the risk of lung cancer. Eventually the support for a smoking ban was outweighed by the opposition and the government was forced to allow a free vote in parliament where MPs had the chance to back a complete ban on smoking in public places. By February 2006, the House of Commons voted by majority of 200 to introduce a blanket ban on smoking in England and Wales from summer 2007.   A ban on smoking in all NHS and government buildings was introduced in January that year. The government later went on to decide and announced that a rise in the age at which people could buy cigarettes went from 16 to 18 from October 2007. The Government also went on to print pictures of cancer on cigarette packets for another way to put off smokers. It had been argued that it was the opinion of the businesss owners rights to decide what happens in his or hers property and because a person can purchase cigarettes legally a personal should be able to smoke where smoking is allowed. However health officials and individuals such as Lance Armstrong say with a state-wide smoking ban lung cancer and other health problems can be reduced. A group called Freedom to choose launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoking ban.   The freedom to choose campaigners claimed that the smoking ban was in breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 because it doesn’t give the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in clubs and bars. After 24 hours after the committees report of the harm of smoking, new evidence was brought forward stating that passive smoking can cause a common type of blindness in older people. To add to ministers discomfort, just 24 hours after the committees report, new evidence emerged that passive smoking can cause a common type of blindness in older people. Cambridge researchers reported in the British Journal of Ophthalmology that living with a smoker for five years doubled the risk of age related macular degeneration and regular smoking tripled it (2006;90: 75–80). One change which is based on an overall national health policy statement is that the smoking ban legislation forms part of the Health Act 2006. 101 MPs including 69 Labour backbenchers signed a motion for a free vote. Critics and health experts argued that plans to exempt private clubs and non-fast food pubs from the ban were bad for health and would prove unworkable. However, Mrs Hewitt   who is favour of a full ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces defended the ban and said that Many of us would have liked to have gone further and faster and stressed that even with exemptions 99% of workplaces would be smoke-free. Implementation It was agreed that 3 years after the ban was put in place a review would be conducted, however in 2010, 3 years after it was put in place the government dropped the planned review of the smoking ban in England. Labour had promised that the ban would be looked at again in the autumn of 2010 however this never happened. The smoke free policy can be implemented in a range of settings such as schools, workplaces and to facilitate implementation of the policy businesses should prepare workplaces by displaying smoke-free signs and by removing ashtrays and butt bins. The government assumed success for the policy and the enforcement officers from local authorities work closely with businesses to ensure compliance with the ban. The ban means that it is an offence to smoke in smoke free premises or vehicles and a failure to do so carry a fixed fine of  £50.   Failure for those who control smoke free places to make sure others to smoke in these places carries a fine of up to  £ 2,500 and with failing to display no smoking signs carries a fixed fine of  £200. It was rumoured that implementing the smoking ban in England cost taxpayers, restaurant and pub property owners at least  £100 million more than the Government originally budgeted. The Department of Health estimated that the bill for the ban that comes into force in 2007 time would run to  £1.6 billion. It was also estimated that the implementation costs for workplaces would be minimal. However The British Beer and Pub Association say that its members spent at least  £70 million on converting premises According to the Mental Health Foundation 85% of respondents to a survey that was conducted said that the ban had been implemented wholly effectively and this may be due to the rise in secret smoking and also with occasions where staff feel obliged to turn   a blind eye especially when a patient is very unwell . The governments main aim was to try and get people to stop smoking so to help this they set up specialist stop smoking services widely available across the country. An example of this is a trust wide smoke free group which co-ordinated a stepped up approach towards the implementation of the smoke free society. The Government allocated funding to support implementation of the smoke free legislation for the financial years 2006-07 and 2007-08. The Department of Health distributed  £29.5 million to support first-tier local authorities in England to undertake new work associated with the introduction of smoke free legislation on 1 July 2007. Policy Evaluation Compliance with the ban will be monitored by enforcement officers employed by the local authorities. It will of course take many years to assess whether the ban has led to a reduction in the number of smokers, and/or improved health outcomes. Given the number of confounding influences, it may never be possible to assess the effectiveness of the plan in these regards. Two weeks after the ban was introduced, 97% of inspected premises and there had been nearly 90,000 inspections  were complying with the ban. That is to say that 97% of premises where prohibiting smoking (98% of smoke free vehicles), although at that point in time, only 79% of premises were displaying the required no-smoking signage  at the entrance to buildings  (84% of smoke free vehicles). In total, local councils had issued on 142 written warnings (0.2% of the total)  to premises that had failed to prevent smoking, adopting a  light touch rather than draconian  measures at this early stage in the policys life. In terms of banning smoking in public places, the policy seems to be highly effective. Whether the policy will directly reduce the incidence of smoking and smoking-related diseases, remains to be seen. Impact of this policy In 1965 British government bans cigarette advertising on television.   In 1971 Government health warnings to be carried on all cigarette packets sold in the UK. In 1984 Smoking banned on London Underground trains. In 1987 the London Underground smoking ban extended to entire network following the Kings Cross station fire, in which 31 people died. In May 1997 New Labour government pledges to ban tobacco advertising. In March 2001 New EU directive requires larger, more prominent health warnings on tobacco packaging. In March 2002 British parliament passes legislation that began as a Private Members Bill, banning tobacco advertising. Deadline for phasing out sponsorship of Formula One motor racing brought forward to comply with EU directive.   In December 2002 British Medical Association calls for a ban in smoking in public places because of the threat to non-smokers. In January 2004 British Heart Foundation uses graphic images to reinforce its government-sponsored anti-smoking campaign. In November 2004 A Public Health White Paper proposes introducing a smoking ban in workplaces by 2008, with pubs which do not serve food and private members clubs exempted. The legislation would apply to England and Wales, but the Welsh Assembly has said it would amend the bill to create a comprehensive ban when it gains Royal Assent in England. In April 2005 MSPs voted by 83 to 15 to introduce a ban on smoking in public places from April the following year. Smokers who defy the ban are liable to pay a  £1,000 fine. In October 2006 Northern Ireland agrees a smoking ban in all workplaces and public spaces from April 2007 as discussions over the England smoking ban break down at cabinet level, causing the smoking ban bill to be delayed and leading to doubts over how a ban will be introduced. In December 2006 the government announces England will get a smoking ban from 1st July2007. Conclusion In conclusion the policy does seem to be meeting its short-term objective. The policy enjoys a high level of public support, and therefore, in this instance, the Government does seem to be enacting a policy that the people want. 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